Results for "SIMPLE CELL"

Cell theory organisms are composed of 1+ cells, which are the smallest unit of life, which come from pre-existing cells What do Prokaryotic Cells have? - Cell wall - Plasma Cell membrane -Flagella -Ribosomes -Nucleoid Cell Wall made of of carb protein complex, PEPTIOGLYCAN, allows for cell to hold shape Plasma Membrane Controls movement of materials in and out of cells, plays role in binary fission Cytoplasm -occupies interior, no compartmentalization, site of all chemical processes in the cell -Region where organelles can be found Capsule some, not all have this, made of polysaccharide, sticky and allows for attachment to surfaces Pili short hair growth on cell wall, used for attachment, joins bacteria cells to prep for DNA transfer Flagella longer than pili, used for movement Ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs, in big numbers in cells that require high protein content Nucleoid Region non-compartmentalization and has a single long thread of DNA, controls cells and reproduction Plasmids small circular DNA molecules, not connected to main loop Binary Fission the simple cell division, process where DNA is copied and the daughter chromosomes become attached to different regions on the membrane, cell elongates and divides into 2 identical daughter cells Microscope DOs -careful -proper carrying -using for intended purpose Microscope Don'ts -squinting -carrying with one hand -using coarse focus knob on high power -leaving at edge of lab bench Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells -DNA is circular, not enclosed -Free DNA -Non-membrane bound organelles -70s ribosomes -Very small -Division by binary fission SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO does what? What does this do? Limits cell size, the bigger this ratio, the more efficient it is for the diffusion to take place in and out of the cell. Differentiation process whereby cells develop into specific cells as a result of the expression of certain genes but not others What are stem cells? Cells that retain their ability to divide into various types of cells. What type of tissue in plants contains stem cells? Meristematic tissue. Where are stem cells found in animals? In embryos. Cytosol Fluid portion of cytoplasm What is the endoplasmic reticulum? An extensive network of tubules and channels that extends almost everywhere from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? Transports materials throughout the internal region of the cell. Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface and is therefore involved in protein development and transport. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its exterior but contains unique enzymes embedded on its surface. 6 functions of the smooth ER 1. production of membrane phospholipids and cellular lipids 2. Production of sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen 3. Detoxification of drugs in the liver 4. Storage of calcium ions needed for contraction in muscle cells 5. Transportation of lipid-based compounds 6. Aid the liver in releasing glucose into the bloodstream when needed What are ribosomes? Structures that have no exterior membrane What is the primary function of ribosomes? Carry out protein synthesis What are ribosomes composed of? A type of RNA and a protein How many subunits do ribosomes have? Two subunits What are lysosomes? Intracellular digestive organelles that arise from the Golgi apparatus. What do lysosomes catalyze the breakdown of? Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Golgi apparatus Responsible for the collection, packaging, modification, and distribution of materials synthesized in the cell Two sides : cis and trans cisternae Golgi apparatus is composed of a stack of flattened sacs called this What shape are mitochondria? Rod-shaped What are mitochondria commonly referred to as? The cell's powerhouse Do mitochondria have their own DNA? Yes, it is similar to that of bacterial cells What type of membrane do mitochondria have? Double-membraned How is the outer membrane of mitochondria described? Smooth What are the folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria called? Cristae matrix Inside the mitochondria inner membrane is fluid called this What is the function of the cristae in mitochondria? The cristae provide a huge internal surface area for the chemical reactions in the mitochondria to occur. What type of ribosomes do mitochondria produce and contain? Mitochondria produce and contain their own ribosomes. What is the primary energy molecule produced by mitochondria? ATP (adenosine triphosphate). What is the nucleus? A compartmentalized region where DNA can be found. What is the nuclear envelope? A double membrane that covers the nucleus. What do the pores in the nuclear envelope allow? Communication with the cell's cytoplasm. What are chloroplasts? Organelles that can only be found in algae and plant cells. What type of membrane do chloroplasts have? Double-membraned. What unique genetic material do chloroplasts contain? Their own ribosomes and DNA in the form of a ring. What structures are found in the interior of chloroplasts? Grana, thylakoids, and the stroma. Granum made up of a stack of thylakoids Thylakoids flattened membrane sacs with components essential for the absorption of light Stroma similar to cytosol; contains many enzymes and chemicals essential to complete the process of photosynthesis What is a centrosome? A structure that consists of a pair of centrioles at right angles to one another. What is the function of centrioles in the centrosome? They are involved in assembling the microtubules necessary for providing structure and movement in the cell. Why are microtubules important for cells? They are necessary for cell division. In which types of cells are centrosomes found? Centrosomes are found in animal, fungal, and most protoctist cells, but not in higher plant cells. What are vacuoles? Storage organelles that usually arise from the Golgi apparatus. What substances do vacuoles store? Potential food, metabolic wastes and toxins, and water. How do vacuoles affect cell size? They allow cells to have a higher surface area to volume ratio even at larger sizes. What role do vacuoles play in plant cells? They allow the uptake of water to provide rigidity to the cell.

simple cells

Let’s break this down! I’ll give you a study guide covering asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction (in humans and plants), and Mendelian genetics — then I’ll create a test for you. ⸻ Study Guide for Asexual Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction, and Mendelian Genetics ⸻ I. Asexual Reproduction • Definition: Involves a single parent, producing offspring genetically identical to the parent (clones). • Types of Asexual Reproduction: • Binary Fission: Simple cell division (e.g., bacteria). • Budding: New organism grows from a bud on the parent (e.g., yeast, hydra). • Fragmentation/Regeneration: Organism splits, and each part grows into a new organism (e.g., starfish). • Vegetative Propagation: New plants grow from parts of the parent plant (e.g., runners in strawberries). • Parthenogenesis: Offspring develop from unfertilized eggs (e.g., some lizards, insects). • Pros and Cons: • Pros: Fast, no need for a mate, energy-efficient. • Cons: No genetic variation, susceptible to environmental changes. ⸻ II. Sexual Reproduction (Humans & Plants) Humans: • Process: • Gametes (sperm and egg) produced by meiosis. • Fertilization forms a zygote (diploid cell). • Male Reproductive System: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, urethra, penis. • Female Reproductive System: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina. • Hormonal Regulation: • Male: Testosterone (sperm production, secondary characteristics). • Female: Estrogen & progesterone (menstrual cycle, pregnancy). Plants: • Process: Alternation of generations (sporophyte & gametophyte stages). • Pollination: Transfer of pollen to stigma. • Fertilization: Sperm (from pollen) fuses with egg in ovule. • Structures: Stamen (male), carpel/pistil (female). • Seed & Fruit Development: Fertilized ovules become seeds; ovary becomes fruit. ⸻ III. Mendelian Genetics • Gregor Mendel’s Experiments: Pea plants, discovered inheritance patterns. • Key Concepts: • Genes & Alleles: Genes determine traits, alleles are gene variants. • Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles: Dominant alleles mask recessive ones. • Homozygous vs. Heterozygous: Same alleles (AA or aa) vs. different alleles (Aa). • Laws of Inheritance: • Law of Segregation: Allele pairs separate during gamete formation. • Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits sort independently. • Genetic Crosses: Punnett squares, monohybrid/dihybrid crosses. • Probability & Ratios: Phenotypic/genotypic ratios. • Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked traits. ⸻ AP Biology Practice Test Total Questions: 30 (Multiple Choice) Section 1: Asexual Reproduction (6 questions) 1. Which form of asexual reproduction involves an organism splitting into two identical cells? a) Budding b) Fragmentation c) Binary fission d) Parthenogenesis 2. Which organism commonly reproduces through budding? a) Bacteria b) Starfish c) Hydra d) Fern 3. A disadvantage of asexual reproduction is: a) Slow reproduction rate b) High genetic diversity c) Vulnerability to environmental changes d) Requirement of a mate 4. Which plant structure is involved in vegetative propagation? a) Petal b) Stigma c) Runner d) Anther 5. Parthenogenesis involves: a) Fertilized eggs developing into offspring b) Unfertilized eggs developing into offspring c) Fusion of gametes d) Regeneration of lost body parts 6. What is the primary benefit of asexual reproduction in stable environments? a) Genetic variation b) Rapid population growth c) Evolutionary adaptability d) Reduced mutation rates ⸻ Section 2: Sexual Reproduction (8 questions) 7. In humans, fertilization typically occurs in the: a) Uterus b) Vagina c) Ovary d) Fallopian tube 8. The male gamete in plants is contained in the: a) Ovule b) Anther c) Pollen grain d) Stigma 9. Which hormone triggers ovulation? a) Testosterone b) Progesterone c) Luteinizing hormone (LH) d) Estrogen 10. The female gametophyte in flowering plants is the: a) Ovary b) Pollen tube c) Embryo sac d) Sepal 11. Which part of the male reproductive system produces sperm? a) Epididymis b) Vas deferens c) Testes d) Prostate gland 12. The process where pollen is transferred from anther to stigma is: a) Germination b) Pollination c) Fertilization d) Sporulation 13. What structure develops into a seed after fertilization in plants? a) Ovule b) Ovary c) Stamen d) Pistil 14. Which term describes the fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote? a) Gametogenesis b) Meiosis c) Fertilization d) Pollination ⸻ Section 3: Mendelian Genetics (16 questions) 15. Who is considered the “Father of Genetics”? a) Charles Darwin b) Gregor Mendel c) Rosalind Franklin d) James Watson 16. The physical expression of a trait is called: a) Genotype b) Phenotype c) Allele d) Chromosome 17. An organism with the genotype Aa is: a) Homozygous dominant b) Homozygous recessive c) Heterozygous d) Diploid 18. A Punnett square shows: a) The process of DNA replication b) Possible genetic combinations of offspring c) Chromosome number in gametes d) Evolutionary relationships 19. The expected phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross is: a) 1:2:1 b) 9:3:3:1 c) 3:1 d) 4:0 20. Which of Mendel’s laws states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation? a) Law of Independent Assortment b) Law of Segregation c) Law of Dominance d) Law of Inheritance 21. Incomplete dominance results in: a) Blended traits b) Both traits expressed equally c) One trait completely masking another d) A 9:3:3:1 ratio 22. A cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa) produces what genotypic ratio? a) 3:1 b) 1:2:1 c) 9:3:3:1 d) 2:2 23-30

Equilibrium potential, Conservation of Charge, A simple cell model, Ion pumps (2.3 - 2.6)

Chapter 15- Electrolysis