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Notable Prayers to God (OT)

Introduction to Ethics Ethics – The study of moral principles governing human behavior. Moral Universe – The idea that morality is fundamental to human life, not justphysical needs. Instrumental Questions – Questions concerning practical actions to achieve mundane goals. Non-Instrumental Questions – Questions about principles that go beyond mere survival or convenience. Branches of Philosophy Metaphysics – The study of the nature of reality. Epistemology – The study of knowledge and belief. Ethics (Moral Philosophy) – The study of what is right and wrong. Aesthetics – The study of beauty and artistic values. Logic – The study of reasoning and argumentation. Types of Ethical Theories Ideal Theory – Ethical theories that act as guiding principles, though rarely fully applicable in reality. Monistic Theories – Ethical theories that rely on a single principle to determine moral actions. Pluralistic Theories – Ethical approaches that integrate multiple ethical principles. Consequentialism vs. Non-Consequentialism Consequentialist Ethics – Judges actions based on their outcomes. Non-Consequentialist Ethics – Judges actions based on principles, regardless of outcomes. Theory Type Examples Non-Consequentialist Kant’s Deontology, Rights Theories, Religious Ethics Consequentialist Utilitarianism, Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics Kantian Ethics (Deontology) Immanuel Kant – 18th-century philosopher who founded deontological ethics. Categorical Imperative – A universal moral law that dictates ethical behavior. Formula of Universal Law – Act only according to principles that could become universal. Formula of Humanity – Treat others as ends in themselves, not as means. Formula of Autonomy – Act as though you are legislating universal moral law. Autonomy – The ability to self-govern moral decisions. Dignity – The inherent worth of rational beings. Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham – Founder of classical utilitarianism, focused on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain. John Stuart Mill – Developed higher and lower pleasures in utilitarianism. Principle of Utility (Greatest Happiness Principle) – The moral action is the one that produces the greatest overall happiness. Higher vs. Lower Pleasures – Higher pleasures (intellectual, artistic) are superior to lower (bodily) pleasures. Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics (Eudaimonism) Eudaimonia – Human flourishing, the highest good. Arete – Excellence or virtue in fulfilling one’s purpose. Doctrine of the Mean – Virtue lies between extremes of excess and deficiency. Phronesis – Practical wisdom for making ethical decisions. Hexis – A stable character trait formed through habituation. Telos – The purpose or goal of something. Religious Ethics Jewish Ethics Decalogue (Ten Commandments) – The foundational moral code in Judaism. Halakhah – Jewish law guiding moral and religious behavior. Rabbi Hillel’s Golden Rule – “What you dislike, don’t do to others.” Christian Ethics Imago Dei – The belief that humans are made in the image of God. The Beatitudes – Teachings from Jesus emphasizing humility, mercy, and justice. Agape – Selfless, unconditional love. Nietzsche’s Critique – Claimed Christian ethics promote “slave morality.” Islamic Ethics Five Pillars of Islam: Shahadah – Declaration of faith. Salah – Daily prayer. Zakat – Almsgiving. Sawm – Fasting during Ramadan. Hajj – Pilgrimage to Mecca. Jihad – The struggle to maintain faith and righteousness. Islamic Contributions – Advances in science, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy. Rights and Natural Law Natural Rights – Fundamental entitlements derived from human nature. Social Contract – The idea that individuals consent to governmental authority in exchange for protection of rights. Hohfeldian Analysis – A framework for understanding different kinds of rights. Forms of Rights: Claims – Demands imposed on others. Powers – The ability to enforce or alter legal arrangements. Liberties – Freedom from external restrictions. Immunities – Protection from harm or coercion. Justifications for Rights Deontological Justification (Kant) – Rights come from moral duties. Utilitarian Justification (Mill, Bentham) – Rights exist to maximize happiness. Theological Justification – Rights are God-given. Natural Law Justification – Rights arise from nature and reason. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Pre-Conventional Level – Morality based on avoiding punishment or seeking reward. Conventional Level – Morality based on social approval and maintaining order. Post-Conventional Level – Morality based on universal ethical principles. Social and Political Ethics Discrimination and the Idea of Race – Ethical issues surrounding racial discrimination. Business Ethics – Ethical principles in commerce and trade. Euthanasia – Moral debates about assisted dying. Sexual Ethics – Ethics concerning sexual relationships and behaviors. Crime and Punishment – The morality of justice systems and punishment. War, Terrorism, and Cosmopolitanism – Ethics concerning conflict and global responsibility

Study Guide for The Lord's PrayerStudy Guide for The Lord's Prayer

Save Flashcards Learn Test Blocks New Blast Match Worries about Kennedy during 1960 election Shortcut Press Space or click on the card to flip He was too young, inexperienced, and Catholic Track progress 4 / 58 Profile Picture Vera_Klochkova Top creator on Quizlet · Created 5 days ago 0:05 / 0:15 Students also studied Flashcard sets Study guides Practice tests Modern Era Review Teacher 167 terms Profile Picture PhillipsPHS Preview Civil Rights 69 terms Profile Picture apantis7 Preview Lecture Notes (History 5B-01 Final) 83 terms Profile Picture Samuel_Soohoo7 Preview Chapter #26 Quiz 10 terms Profile Picture pixelpirate87 Preview HIST 1302 Exam 3 40 terms Profile Picture jeremy1220045 Preview ap world unit 5 learning objectives & historical developments 11 terms Profile Picture Paul_Espinosa32 Preview history test 6 terms Profile Picture isabel_irwin9 Preview Neolithic Era: Turning Point in History 21 terms Profile Picture artisticallyselena Preview Unit 4 History Study Guide 24 terms Profile Picture crimsontraylor723 Preview ch. 28--29 45 terms Profile Picture leslierodriguez_24 Preview LOUISIANA HISTORY: Chapter 1, Lesson 4 34 terms Profile Picture frcramer Preview Mil History WEEK 1 7 terms Profile Picture SiahQuizzes Preview Ship Designations and Classes 41 terms Profile Picture sayers001 Preview Worldview and the History of Life 56 terms Profile Picture bbene792 Preview Key Events and Concepts of WWII and Human Rights 84 terms Profile Picture kaptsany27 Preview Chapter 16 Terms 20 terms Profile Picture A_ydunx Preview World War I Causes and Impact 38 terms Profile Picture quizlette76576101 Preview Euro 8.2 WW1 9 terms Profile Picture Daniela_Arana-Duenas Preview 9/11 Quiz 25 terms Profile Picture aprilsimmons8 Preview History WWII Test 19 terms Profile Picture vbaseball09 Preview Social Studies 5004 World History 49 terms Profile Picture anna_reimers7 Preview World History : Chapter 19 - 21 Vocab 39 terms Profile Picture aucletic Preview AP World History People 30 terms Profile Picture Allyson_Bell924208 Preview Final Exam for Global World History 56 terms Profile Picture Esme1058 Preview World History 7 terms Profile Picture plehmann2 Preview social studies 13 terms Profile Picture Amanda_Lin57 Preview AP U.S. History - Chapter 12 23 terms Profile Picture Mancan76 Preview Practice questions for this set Learn 1 / 7 Study with Learn Kennedy seemed cool & appealing, spoke to people - Nixon looked sickly, sweaty and uncomfortable Choose matching term 1 Engel v. vitale 2 Robert f. kennedy 3 Baker v. carr 4 Kennedy / Nixon Debate Don't know? Terms in this set (58) Your stats Still learning (58) You've started learning these terms. Keep it up! Select these 58 John F. Kennedy (JFK) 35th President - youngest man ever elected & first Catholic; won election by NARROW margin over Nixon; inspired HOPE in all Americans; assassinated in Dallas, Texas on Nov. 22, 1963 Robert F. Kennedy Attorney General of the US; he was JFK's younger brother and trusted advisor Kennedy / Nixon Debate Kennedy seemed cool & appealing, spoke to people - Nixon looked sickly, sweaty and uncomfortable Worries about Kennedy during 1960 election He was too young, inexperienced, and Catholic Camelot Was the name of a popular Broadway musical about King Arthur who fought to make things right -- "Camelot" came to represent the energetic, idealistic image of the Kennedy White House Why were many of Kennedy's proposals defeated in Congress? He did NOT have a strong mandate to push them through Mandate Public endorsement of a candidate's proposals -Kennedy did NOT have this b/c he won by slim margin; LBJ did have this, he won by a landslide 3 Goals of Kennedy's New Frontier (1) Improve the economy / cut taxes (2) Fight poverty / provide aid to the poor (3) Speed up the space program **He gave Americans HOPE for a better future Strategies JFK used to improve relations between US and developing countries Peace Corp & Alliance for Progress Peace Corps Federal programs established to send AMERICAN VOLUNTEERS to help developing nations around the world to raise their standard of living - would help them resist communism Alliance for Progress Program set up by JFK for the US and cooperating nations to send money to LATIN AMERICA in an attempt to help them resist communism Berlin Crisis Soviet leader Khrushchev tried to bully Kennedy (wants US out of Berlin) - Kennedy responds by building up the US military - Khrushchev responds by building the Berlin Wall Why did USSR build the Berlin Wall? Built by the Soviets in order to prevent the EAST GERMANS from fleeing to West Berlin for freedom Bay of Pigs Invasion - who planned it? Eisenhower - he approved plans for the CIA to train Cuban exiles as guerillas to invade Cuba Bay of Pigs Invasion - what happened? 1,400 Cuban exiles invaded Cuba on April 17, 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion - goal? To overthrow Fidel Castro, the communist leader of Cuba Bay of Pigs Invasion - outcome? The mission failed miserably - Kennedy's administration humiliated - Cuba gov't turned to USSR for protection from the US Cuban Missile Crisis The confrontation between the US and the USSR that brought them to the brink of a nuclear war What event started the Cuban Missile Crisis? American spy plane discovered Russian missile sites being placed in Cuba 4 options Kennedy had in handling the Cuban Missile Crisis 1) Do nothing & avoid immediate war 2) Attack and destroy missile site 3) Diplomatic pressure to remove missiles 4) Naval blockade (quarantine) How was the Cuban Missile Crisis resolved? Kennedy set up a naval blockade - Soviets backed off - Soviets agreed to remove missiles from Cuba - US agreed not to invade Cuba Results of Cuban Missile Crisis US promised to remove their missiles from Turkey, US & Soviets signed Limited Test Ban Treaty, US & Soviets establish "hot-line" for future crises Nikita Krushchev Soviet leader (1953-1964) during Berlin crisis and the Cuban Missile Crisis. He and JFK signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963, temporarily easing Cold War tensions Hotline Direct telephone line between US & Soviets that was set up after the Cuban missile crisis; direct line of communication between JFK & Khushchev Effect Cold War had on NASA US was losing the space war to the Soviets, US spent a lot of money on NASA and on science & math education in schools JFKs goal for NASA To land a man on the moon before 1970 Limited Test Ban Treaty An agreement between the US & Soviets, and 40 other countries, not to test nuclear weapons above ground; result of Cuban missile crisis November 22, 1963 President Kennedy was shot and killed Why did Kennedy's assassination deeply affect Americans? He represented hope for a better future Magic Bullet Theory Theory by Warren Commission that one bullet caused wounds in both Kennedy and Texas Gov. John Connally, who sat in the front seat of the presidential limousine Lee Harvey Oswald Ex-Marine & communist sympathizer who killed JFK in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963 - he was murdered two days later by Jack Ruby Jack Ruby Night club owner who assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald, he was suspected of having ties to Mafia What was the Warren Commission? A committee that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy Findings of Warren COMMISSION Determined that Oswald acted alone; 3 shots from the book depository Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) Vice-president to JFK; became the 36th president after Kennedy's assassination; reelected in 1964; domestic policy called the "Great Society" Great Society Johnson's domestic policy - series of legislative issues that included major poverty relief, education aid, healthcare, voting rights, conservation, urban renewal & economic development (his programs were a continuation of JFKs New Frontier plans) Criticism of the Great Society It spent too much money on the poor and it gave too much authority to Fed. gov't Equal Pay Act of 1963 Law that required both men and women to receive equal pay for equal work Civil Rights Act of 1964 A federal law that made discrimination illegal in voting, public places, schools and jobs VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) Federal program to send volunteers to help people in poor communities in the U.S.; includes Head Start pre-school program to help kids from low income families Medicare Federal program that provides health insurance for Americans 65 and older Medicaid Federal program that provides health insurance to poor Americans of any age who cannot afford it Immigration Act of 1965 Law that abolished immigration quotas and increased the number of immigrants allowed into the US What is the Warren Court? Supreme Court named after Chief of Justice Earl Warren during JFK's presidency - he overturned many old laws & rulings & established new legal procedures 5 matters supported by the Warren COURT Rights of the accused, voting rights, the poor, civil rights, religious freedom Apportionment Warren Court decision about the way seats in a legislative body are distributed among electoral districts Baker v. Carr Voting districts must be based on population - "one person, one vote" Engel v. Vitale Public schools can't require a school prayer because it defies separation of church and state Mapp v. Ohio Police required to have specific warrants in order to make arrests Miranda v. Arizona Criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination Miranda Rule Ruling by the Warren Court that police must inform persons accused of a crime their legal rights Why LBJ won 1964 election by a landslide He ran against Barry Goldwater who threatened to use nuclear weapons (think of Daisy commercial) How did Johnson continue Kennedy's plan to eliminate poverty in the US He pushed to pass JFKs anti-poverty programs, such as the Economic Opportunity Act (including Head Start & VISTA) Relationship between Warren Court & Great Society Both dealt with the rights of the poor & disadvantaged Similarities between the New Frontier (JFK) & the Great Society (LBJ) Both focused on civil rights and helping the poor and elderly (believed federal gov't should help the less fortunate with their economic & social needs) Differences between the New Frontier (JFK) & the Great Society (LBJ) LBJ had a strong mandate in Congress and was able to get laws passed - JFK did not; LBJ focused on domestic policy, JFk more on foreign Panama Canal Zone Controlled by the US since early 1900's; in 1964, nationalist rioted & demanded US give up control - Panama President and LBJ negotiated treaties Invasion of Dominican Repbulic Attacks on Dominican Republic gov't by rebels. LBJ said it was fueled by Communists - sent 22,000 marines. Gov't & marines took control, attack over, provisional US gov't set up in 1965 Add or remove terms You can also click the terms or definitions to blur or reveal them Review with an activity About us About Quizlet How Quizlet works Careers Advertise with us Get the app For students Flashcards Test Learn Solutions Modern Learning Lab Quizlet Plus Study Guides Pomodoro timer For teachers Live Checkpoint Blog Be the Change Quizlet Plus for teachers Resources Help center Honor code Community guidelines Privacy Terms Ads and Cookie Settings Quizlet for Schools Parents Language English (USA) © 2025 Quizlet, Inc. COPPA Safe Harbor Certification seal Home Your library Notifications 2 MUSH Psychology 2023 Fall B Peri... 2023 Fall A Peri... Spanish 2H New folder Start here Flashcards Study Guides Practice Tests Expert Solutions Home

prayer unit 2

prayer

3rd Quarter Catholic Concepts and Prayers

Lords prayer

Quarter 3 Prayers

I Don't Miss Prayer

FCL: The Christian Prayer | MSTAR - OLETA

Medical Technologist's Prayer

Like a Prayer *literally*

Prayer Before Birth

Poem, prayers, hymn

Created by Turbolearn AI Ghusl: A Comprehensive Guide When is Ghusl Necessary? Ghusl, a ritual washing, is obligatory in specic circumstances. These situations are categorized as examples of ha dit h- e a kb a r : After janab (sexual intercourse) After hayd (menstrual bleeding) After nifaas (postpartum bleeding) These instances necessitate ghusl for ritual purity, unlike situations requiring only w u d u (ha dit h- e a s gha r ). The Importance of Correct Ghusl Ghusl is not merely splashing water; it involves a precise method to ensure complete ritual purication. Simply showering or bathing doesn't sufce. Similar to w u d u, specic actions are required. Spending extended periods in water without performing these actions does not fulll the requirement for ghusl, rendering any subsequent prayer invalid. The Obligatory Acts (Fara'idh) of Ghusl There are only three mandatory actions for a valid ghusl: 1. Rinsing the mouth (gargling): Similar to m u dma da in w u d u, ensure thorough rinsing. ( Estimated time: < 30 seconds) 2. Snifng water into the nose: Similar to is t i n s ha h in w u d u, ensuring nasal cleansing. ( Estimated time: < 30 seconds) 3. Ensuring water reaches every part of the body: Thoroughly wet every part of the body, including hair and spaces between ngers and toes. ( Estimated time: 5-10 minutes) Note: If any of these three actions are missed, the entire ghusl is considered incomplete. Page 1 Created by Turbolearn AI Time Estimation for Ghusl Let's consider a more generous time estimate for each step: Step Time Estimate Rinsing the mouth 1 minute Snifng water into nose 1 minute Washing the entire body 10 minutes Even with these generous estimations, the entire process is relatively short, highlighting the importance of correctly performing each mandatory action. Ghusl Study Guide Ghusl Timing & Importance The entire process of ghusl can be completed within 12 minutes. This is an exaggerated estimate; it might even be quicker. Understanding this timing is crucial because ghusl is mandatory after states of janabah, hayd, or mifas to purify oneself. Prompt purication is necessary to avoid missing obligatory prayers. Salah & Ghusl: A Timely Connection Let's say Salatul Dhuhr ends at 3 pm, and Salatul Asr begins immediately after. If a woman's hayd ends at that time, she needs to determine if there's sufcient time for ghusl and prayer. Al-Balad offers a free course on hayd if you'd like to learn more. Important Note: Intentionally missing salah is forbidden. The minimum time required is enough to perform wudhu, stand for prayer, and say "Allahu Akbar." If this is possible, the prayer becomes obligatory; failure to perform it due to laziness or ignorance results in qadha (the missed prayer must be made up). Twelve minutes is generally considered sufcient time for ghusl and subsequent prayer. The Fardh (Obligatory) Ghusl Page 2 Created by Turbolearn AI The furlough of qusl refers to the minimal actions necessary for purication. If you have 12 minutes before the next prayer, this is enough time to perform the furlough of qusl and offer your prayer. Optional Acts: Washing hair with shampoo and conditioner, exfoliating, etc., are all optional and can be done after the obligatory prayer. This bare minimum ensures purication for prayer. Additional acts are supplementary and beautify the purication process. Your homework is to research how much water the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) used for ghusl. Sunnah of Ghusl The sunnah (recommended practices) of ghusl enhances the obligatory ghusl. Performing sunnah practices makes the obligatory actions more complete. Metaphor: Imagine moving into a new house. The bare minimum is walls, doors, and windows. But you might add paint, carpets, and curtains to beautify it and turn it into a home. The fardh is like the bare minimum house, and the sunnah acts are like the additional beautication. Following the sunnah enhances and complements the obligatory actions. menstruation and ghusl If a woman ends her hayd with limited time before prayer, she must perform ghusl and the obligatory prayer if there is enough time to perform both. Delaying the prayer results in qadha. For more information on the rulings of hayd, consider joining the Fiqh of Menstruation course. Ghusl: The Sunnah Way Beginning the Ghusl Begin with Bismillahhirrahmanirrahim. Why? Because any action without it lacks barakah (blessings). Make an intention (niyyah): "O Allah, I intend to perform ghusl to purify myself for Your worship." Multiple intentions are encouraged. Page 3 Created by Turbolearn AI The Sunnah is the way of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). It's like adding beautiful decorations to a house (the basic requirements of Ghusl). Missing some decorations doesn't invalidate the house (Ghusl), but it reduces the reward. Preparing the Body Wash your hands up to the wrists. Clean hands are essential for purication. Perform istinja: remove any impurities from the body. The Purication Process Perform wudu: Even a simple wudu is sufcient. This pre-cleanses parts of the body. Pour water over your entire body three times, ensuring thorough coverage. Pour water over your head, then your right shoulder, then your left shoulder. Scrub your body. You may use any suitable products at this stage. Recap of the Sunnah Ghusl Steps Step Action 1 Bismillah 2 Intention 3 Wash hands to the wrists 4 Istinja and removing Najasa 5 Wudu 6 Pour water over the entire body three times 7 Pour water over head, right, then left shoulder 8 Scrub the body Ghusl: A Step-by-Step Guide Step-by-Step Ghusl The following steps outline the process of performing Ghusl, according to the Sunnah: Page 4 Created by Turbolearn AI 1. Bismillah: Begin by saying "Bismillah" (In the name of Allah). 2. Intention: Make the intention to perform Ghusl. 3. Washing Hands: Wash your hands up to the wrists. 4. Istinsha' and Najasa Removal: Perform istinsha' (cleaning after urination/defecation) and remove any najasa (impurity) from the body. 5. Wudu: Perform Wudu (ablution) as you normally would. 6. Pouring Water Over the Body: Pour water over your entire body, ensuring complete coverage. 7. Shoulders: Pour water over your right shoulder, then your left shoulder. 8. Scrubbing: Scrub your entire body thoroughly, paying attention to areas like behind the knees and underarms. 9. Washing Thoroughly: Wash every part of your body to remove any remaining najasa. Important Considerations If performing Ghusl in owing water, the process is simplied as the water carries away impurities. If the water is stagnant (e.g., a blocked drain), ensure to scrub and remove najasa, then wash your feet separately after leaving the stagnant water to ensure complete cleanliness. Summary of Steps Page 5 Created by Turbolearn AI Step Description 1. Bismillah Begin by saying "Bismillah" (In the name of Allah) 2. Intention Make the intention to perform Ghusl. 3. Hands Wash hands up to wrists. 4. Istinsha' Clean after urination/defecation and remove any najasa (impurity). 5. Wudu Perform Wudu (ablution). 6. Pouring Pour water over the entire body. 7. Shoulders Pour water over the right, then the left shoulder. 8. Scrubbing Scrub the entire body thoroughly. 9. Washing Wash every part of the body to ensure the removal of all najasa. Benets of Following the Sunnah Following the Sunnah in performing Ghusl ensures a thorough and complete cleansing. Developing a routine makes the process habitual and effortless. What is Najasa? Najasa refers to impurities that must be removed before prayer or other acts of worship. Examples include urine, feces, and blood. What is Wudu? Wudu is the ritual washing of certain parts of the body before prayer. It involves washing the face, hands, arms, and wiping over the head and feet. Page 6

10. Eighth Proof - Acceptance of Prayer

Fajr prayer