Results for "Plessy v. Ferguson"

AP U.S. History - Unit 7, Topic 2: American Imperialism (1898-1945) Definition of Imperialism Expansion of a country’s political, economic, and military influence over another. U.S. begins imperial expansion with the purchase of Alaska (1867) for $7.2 million (known as "Seward’s Folly"). Discovery of gold in 1898 increases interest in expansion. Westward expansion mindset extends beyond the continent after the closing of the frontier. Arguments for Imperialism Economic Interests Desire for raw materials (e.g., gold in Alaska). Need for new markets to sell American goods (manufactured & agricultural). Social Darwinism Belief that stronger nations naturally dominate weaker ones. Expansion seen as a way for the U.S. to become a world power. Racial & Religious Justifications Josiah Strong's book Our Country (1885): Argues Anglo-Saxon race is superior and must “civilize” others. Expansion is a Christian duty to spread Western civilization. Military & Strategic Reasons Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890): Nations with strong navies dominate world affairs. U.S. builds a steel navy and seeks territories for naval bases. Leads to the race for Pacific and Caribbean islands (e.g., Hawaii, Guam, Philippines). Arguments Against Imperialism Self-Determination Nations should have the right to govern themselves. Same argument used by Americans to justify independence from Britain. Tradition of Isolationism George Washington’s Farewell Address warned against foreign entanglements. Expansion could lead to unwanted wars and conflicts. Racial Concerns Debate over whether the Constitution follows the flag: If the U.S. takes over a territory, do its people become American citizens? Many anti-imperialists opposed granting rights to non-white populations. Key Takeaways Imperialists supported expansion for economic, military, and ideological reasons. Anti-imperialists opposed it on the grounds of self-determination, isolationism, and racial concerns. The debate shaped U.S. foreign policy and led to further territorial acquisitions, setting the stage for U.S. involvement in global affairs. End of Notes. The Spanish-American War & American Imperialism Background: The American Empire Late 19th-century industrialists and politicians sought U.S. expansion. Cuba, a Spanish colony, was a key target for expansion. 1895: Cuban nationalists rebelled against Spain, but Spain crushed the revolt. Yellow Journalism & the Path to War Yellow Journalism: Sensationalized news stories exaggerated Spanish atrocities in Cuba. Key figures: Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst Encouraged U.S. intervention on humanitarian grounds. 1898: The U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, killing 200+ Americans. Yellow journalists blamed Spain, fueling war fever. Later investigations found the explosion was accidental. President McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain; Spain agreed but the U.S. declared war anyway. The Spanish-American War (1898) Short war: America won and emerged as an imperial power. Effects of the war: Cuba gained independence, but the Platt Amendment gave the U.S. the right to intervene militarily. Philippines annexed after U.S. forces, led by Theodore Roosevelt, defeated Spain. Filipinos, expecting independence, rebelled under Emilio Aguinaldo → Led to the Philippine-American War (1899-1902). Hawaii annexed (1898) for strategic reasons (midpoint to the Philippines). The Open Door Policy (1899) China was divided into European spheres of influence. U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent the Open Door Note to European powers, requesting equal trade access in China. Outcome: European powers did not reject the request, so the U.S. claimed success in securing trade rights. Significance The Spanish-American War marked the U.S.’s entry into imperialism. The U.S. expanded its influence globally through military power and economic policies. Let me know if you want any modifications! The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s) Main Idea: The Progressive Era was a time of social, political, and economic reform in response to issues caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption. Progressives believed government intervention was necessary to fix these problems. Who Were the Progressives? A diverse group: Protestants, feminists, labor leaders, African Americans, journalists Focused on issues like: Big business power (monopolies) Economic instability (Panic of 1893) Labor conflicts (strikes) Political corruption (machines like Tammany Hall) Jim Crow segregation Women’s suffrage Alcohol prohibition Muckrakers (Investigative Journalists) Exposed corruption and poor conditions in society Upton Sinclair - The Jungle (unsanitary meatpacking industry) Ida Tarbell - Exposed Standard Oil’s unfair business practices Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives (urban poverty and tenement conditions) Political Reforms (Expanding Democracy) Secret Ballot – Ended political bosses controlling votes. Direct Election of Senators (17th Amendment, 1913) – Senators now elected by the people instead of state legislatures. 18th Amendment (Prohibition, 1919) – Banned alcohol (led by groups like the Anti-Saloon League). 19th Amendment (Women’s Suffrage, 1920) – Gave women the right to vote. Initiative, Referendum, Recall – Gave citizens more power to propose, approve, and remove laws/politicians. Government Efficiency & Scientific Management Frederick Taylor’s "Scientific Management" (Taylorism) – Applied efficiency techniques to government & industry. Black Progressives & Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Legalized segregation (“separate but equal”). Niagara Movement (W.E.B. DuBois) – Advocated for immediate black rights. NAACP (1909) – Fought for racial justice through legal action. World War I (Unit 7, Topic 5) Causes of U.S. Involvement in WWI War Begins (1914): After Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, two alliances formed: Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia (formerly Triple Entente) Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (formerly Triple Alliance) U.S. Neutrality: Initially stayed out of the war but faced mounting pressure due to events: Sinking of the Lusitania (1915): A German U-boat sank a British passenger ship, killing 128 Americans. Public outrage followed, but neutrality was maintained. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Germany resumed sinking ships, including American vessels. Zimmermann Telegram (1917): Germany proposed a military alliance with Mexico, promising to help regain lost territory if the U.S. joined the war. The U.S. intercepted the message, pushing Wilson to act. U.S. Declares War (1917) April 2, 1917: Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war to “make the world safe for democracy.” American Expeditionary Forces (AEF): Led by General John J. Pershing, U.S. troops bolstered Allied forces and played a crucial role in turning the tide of the war. End of the War & Treaty of Versailles (1918-1919) November 11, 1918: Armistice signed, ending fighting. Treaty of Versailles (1919): Wilson proposed the Fourteen Points, advocating for self-determination, freedom of the seas, and the League of Nations. Britain and France sought to punish Germany, leading to harsh reparations and restrictions. League of Nations created, but the U.S. did not join due to congressional fears of being dragged into future wars. World War I: The Homefront (Unit 7, Topic 6) Total War & Mobilization The U.S. fully mobilized its economy, industry, and society for war. War Industries Board: Managed labor & factories to produce war supplies. Food Administration: Regulated food production for soldiers and civilians. Rural-to-urban migration increased as people sought industrial jobs. Civil Liberties & Government Control Espionage Act (1917) & Sedition Act (1918): Criminalized anti-war speech & draft resistance. Schenck v. United States (1919): Supreme Court ruled speech creating a "clear and present danger" (e.g., resisting the draft) could be restricted. Government censored reports on the Spanish Flu to maintain war morale. The First Red Scare (1919-1920) Fear of communist infiltration after the Russian Revolution. Palmer Raids: Over 6,000 suspected radicals, labor leaders, and immigrants arrested; 500+ deported. Immigration Restrictions Emergency Quota Act (1921) & National Origins Act (1924): Limited immigration, especially from Southern/Eastern Europe & Asia. Rooted in nativism (opposition to immigrants, especially Catholics & Jews). The Great Migration Large numbers of Black Americans moved from the South to Northern cities (e.g., Chicago, New York) for job opportunities & to escape Jim Crow laws. Faced discrimination & race riots in the North (e.g., 1919 race riots, Tulsa Race Massacre (1921)—300 Black people killed, 10,000 homeless)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Plessy v. Ferguson Vocab

Plessy V. Ferguson vocab

Plessy v. Ferguson

Period 6: 1865–1898: The Challenges of the Era of Industrialization

The Civil Rights Movement from 1865 to 1954: Plessy v. Ferguson

What is urbanization? The movement of people to cities What are Jim Crow laws? Laws that forced segregation What is segregation? Separation of races What are literacy tests? Tests given to determine reading and writing ability as a qualification for voting What are poll taxes? A special tax required in order to vote What was the result of poll taxes and literacy tests? Less black men were eligible to vote What law stated that a person did not have to pay the poll tax or pass the literacy test if he or his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote before 1867? The grandfather clause Did any black citizen pass the requirements of the grandfather clause? No What did the Plessy v. Ferguson case decree? The facilities must be "seperate but equal" for blacks and whites After Plessy v Ferguson, state legislatures had the legal justification to pass what? Jim Crow law codes W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African American to do what? Recieve a doctorate from Harvard University Who founded the NAACP? W.E.B. Du Bois What was the NAACP? An organization seeking equality for blacks What did the NAACP focus on in order to achieve their goal? Fighting legal battles True or False: Immigrants from eastern European countries were Jewish, Catholic, Mennonites, and Russian Orthodox True What did Protestants fear when all of these new religions started to appear? That their beliefs would be undermined by these newcomers What do agnostics believe? Humans cannot know whether there is a God What caused more people to accept agnosticism? The book The Origin of Species What idea did the Origin of Species propose? Evolution and no need for a Designer Who wrote the Origin of Species? Charles Darwin What did some wavering Christians think needed to happen to the Bible? It needed to be judged by reason and experience Liberals treated the Bible like it was a ____________ ______________ book. Purely, Human What did the Liberals deny about the Bible? The virgin birth, the diety of Jesus, Jesus dying on the cross, and no such things as eternal punishment What were the 3 things that Conservative Christians had to defend? 1) The accuracy of Scripture 2) The diety of Jesus 3) That salvation only comes through redemption purchased by the blood of Christ What are temperance societies? Groups dedicated to stopping the consumption of alcohol What were the effects of the over cunsumption of alcohol in the city? Increased crime, poverty, and violencce towards family members The efforts of the temperance societies led to what movement? The prohibition movement What was the YMCA? An organization providing wholesome activities and entertainment for young men in the troublesome environment of big cities What were rescue missions? Facilities that provide food, shelter, and spiritual guidance Who established rescue missions? The Salvation Army What is the Salvation Army? An organization providing relief for the poor True or False: America sent more missionaries overseas than any other country except England False What was progressivism? A movement that favored achieving political and social reform How did they want to achieve progressivism? Through education, wider political participation, and direct action by the government What were the 4 goals of progressivism? Fight Corruption, Improve Quality of Life, Increase Voice in Government, and Increase Government Efficiency How many people died during the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire? 146 What was a blacklist? A list shared by employers of employees who caused problems or tried to strike What were 5 problems with tenements? They were cramped, filthy, dark, smelly, and rent was high What did settlement houses provide? Food, clothing, medical care, childcare, recreations, and classes Who and from where were settlement houses designed for? Women in slum areas What was the most famous settlement house? Chicago's Hull House Who founded Chicago's Hull House? Jane Addams What did Jane Addam's efforts lead to? The passage of child-labor laws What was Roosevelt's campaign slogan? "Square Deal" Which law allowed federal inspectors to examine meat companies, require companies to list the ingredients on product labels, and prohibit companies from making unverifiable claims about medicines? The Pure Food and Drug Act What was a muckraker? A nickname for a progressive writer who exposed abuse and corruption What writing helped lead to the Pure Food and Drug Act? The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Who was Upton Sinclair? A muckraker who wrote The Jungle Who protected certain lands and named them national parks? Roosevelt Roosevelt convinced Congress to establish the United States ___________ Service to oversee the _________. Forest, Parks What was the social gospel's initial goal? To modernize Christianity What was the social gospel's emphasis? How to fix society's problems How did social gospel adherents achieve "salvation"? Through good works What is the main problem with the social gospel? They think that mankind is good and society is bad What is the real reason for why social injustice exists and where is true redemption found? People are sinners and through Jesus only

primary source: plessy v ferguson, 1896

Chapter 26: The Affluent Society