Results for "MORE MONEY"

Protective Tariffs Taxes on imported goods that helped Northern industry but hurt the Southern export economy Foreign Relations (William Seward) Seward pushed for U.S. global power through diplomacy and expansion Treaty of Kanagawa Agreement allowing U.S. ships to trade with Japan to open markets and project power Seward's Icebox (Alaska Purchase) Seward's purchase of Alaska, mocked but expanded U.S. territory Burlingame Treaty Protected U.S. missionaries in China and encouraged Chinese immigration Railroads Connected the nation, boosted communication, economy, and travel Munn v. Illinois Allowed states to regulate railroads for the public good Gold Standard Monetary system valuing currency only in gold, replacing bimetallism Crime of 1873 (Coinage Act) Ended silver coinage, angering miners and debtors Homestead Act Granted 160 acres in the West to settlers who farmed it for 5 years Morrill Act Provided federal land for new Western colleges Long Drive Cowboys herding cattle to railroads for transport Exodusters African Americans moving West to escape Southern racism Life in the West Harsh farming conditions: bad weather, no irrigation, small plots Yellowstone/National Parks Land protected for beauty, recreation, and conservation Sand Creek Massacre U.S. attack on Cheyenne; major Native casualties Fetterman Massacre Native victory over U.S. forces (Lakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho) Battle of Little Bighorn Native victory; Custer's Last Stand Wounded Knee Massacre U.S. victory; last major Native conflict Ghost Dance Movement Native spiritual revival to restore their land and culture Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock Ruled Congress could ignore past treaties with Natives Dawes Severalty Act Broke up Native land to force assimilation Frederick Jackson Turner Wrote Frontier Thesis: American identity shaped by Western conquest Summary (Chapter 16) U.S. expanded internationally and developed the West, causing conflicts with Natives and policies to assimilate them Vertical Integration Company controls all steps of production (Swift) Horizontal Integration Company buys out competitors by cutting prices (Rockefeller) Trusts Groups of companies managed as one, often creating monopolies Shift in Management Dividing company tasks into specialized departments Skilled vs. Unskilled Workers Skilled workers replaced by cheaper, repetitive unskilled labor Scientific Management System rewarding faster work; workers follow orders exactly Old Immigrants Immigrants from England, Ireland, Germany (Protestant, English-speaking) New Immigrants Immigrants from Southern/Eastern Europe; Catholic/Jewish, poor, non-English-speaking Chinese Exclusion Act Banned Chinese immigration and blocked citizenship Great Railroad Strike Major labor strike showing power of unions and worker unrest Henry George Criticized industrialization for causing poverty Greenback Labor Party Wanted more money in circulation and worker protections Producerism Belief that workers create value while owners exploit labor Granger Laws Early railroad regulations; weak enforcement Knights of Labor Inclusive union; against child labor, trusts; preferred gov intervention Haymarket Protest Violent clash causing decline in labor union popularity Farmers' Alliance Farmers fighting for railroad regulation and economic reform Hatch Act Funded agricultural research and education Interstate Commerce Act Created ICC to regulate railroads (weak enforcement) Closed Shop Workers must join union to be hired AFL (American Federation of Labor) Craft union fighting for basic improvements (wages, hours) Tactics Against Unions Lockouts, blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, militias, court orders Homestead & Pullman Strikes Violent labor strikes revealing worker frustration Summary (Chapter 17) Industrial growth created monopolies, immigration waves, harsh labor conditions, and rising union movements Consumer Culture Growth of leisure shopping among wealthy Americans Plessy v. Ferguson Court ruling allowing "separate but equal" segregation Jim Crow Laws State laws enforcing racial segregation YMCA Organization helping young men/immigrants adjust to urban life Negro Leagues Black baseball leagues excluded from white leagues Sierra Club Organization promoting mountain and wilderness protection National Park Service Federal agency managing national parks Antiquities Act Allowed presidents to protect land as national monuments National Audubon Society Conservation group protecting wildlife Solitude of Self Stanton's argument for women's individual rights Comstock Act Banned distribution of birth control and sexual information Booker T. Washington Promoted industrial education and gradual racial progress Tuskegee Institute Washington's school for practical, industrial training Atlanta Compromise Speech encouraging economic progress over immediate equality Education Expansion New colleges created via Morrill Act and philanthropy Liberal Arts New academic fields like economics, poli sci, and astronomy WCTU Women's reform group fighting for temperance and social issues National Association of Colored Women Black women aiding communities and promoting reform NAWSA Major women's suffrage movement Anti-Suffragists Opposed women's voting rights, claiming it was too costly Feminism Movement for full social, political, economic equality Social Darwinism Belief that rich succeed because of strength; poor fail because lazy Eugenics Movement to control reproduction to create "better" population Modernism/Naturalism Artistic movements challenging traditional ideas American Protective Association Anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish nativist group Social Gospel Protestant reform movement helping the poor Fundamentalism Religious movement focusing on literal Bible interpretation Summary (Chapter 18) Industrialization fueled consumer culture, conservation, racial segregation, women's activism, immigration tension, and new social/religious ideas Waving the Bloody Shirt Republican strategy blaming Democrats for Civil War Political Machines Urban organizations controlling politics through corruption and immigrant support Solid South Democratic dominance in Southern states Williams v. Mississippi Allowed literacy tests and poll taxes; suppressed Black voters Stalwarts Republicans supporting spoils system Half-Breeds Republicans wanting merit-based gov jobs Mugwumps Reform Republicans who backed Cleveland Pendleton Act Replaced spoils system with civil service exams Election of 1884 Cleveland (Dem.) beats Blaine with Mugwump support Silverites Farmers wanting more silver coinage for cheaper money supply Gold Bugs Bankers favoring gold standard Coinage Act of 1873 Ended silver currency; angered farmers/miners Bland-Allison & Sherman Acts Required gov to buy silver, briefly restoring bimetallism Tariffs (Gilded Age) High tariffs debated between farmers and industry Populism Farmers' movement demanding political/economic reforms Omaha Platform Populist demands (income tax, direct election, RR ownership, 8-hour day) Wisconsin Plan Initiative, referendum, recall (direct democracy reforms) Panic of 1893 Major economic crash from railroad failures Coxey's Army Jobless march demanding federal jobs End of Bimetallism Silver value collapses; gold standard restored Summary (Chapter 19) Gilded Age politics were corrupt and divided, leading to Populist reforms and major debates over money, tariffs, and government power

government spend more money on the arts or spend more on health and education

Here’s your revised and organized notes: ⸻ Main Causes of the Boom WWI • Took place 1914-1918. • America joined in 1917. • Sold products to Britain and allies throughout the war. • Loaned money to Britain and allies, which was later used to buy war supplies from the USA. • America took over production due to disruptions in Europe. • No post-war destruction in the USA. • More jobs for soldiers when they returned. Government Policies • Republican government helped businesses. • Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act: Placed a tariff on goods imported from abroad. • Encouraged Americans to purchase American goods. • Tax cuts for the rich so more jobs could be created. • More money to buy consumer goods. New Ways to Buy and Sell • Advertising: billboards, magazines, newspapers. • Catalogs: people living in rural America could buy consumer goods. • Hire purchase plan: Spread out costs over a long period of time. Consumer Society • Americans became obsessed with buying things. • Advertisements encouraged people to spend their paychecks on new items, boosting the economy. • Benefited wealthier people, as they had more access to electrical products. Mass Production • Goods were not made by a single person but by many people on a conveyor line. • Ford invented it in 1913 to make his Model T car, which got cheaper every year. • 1925 price of the car: $290 (instead of the earlier $850). • Meant employees had to be trained for only one job on the line. • Goods were produced quickly and in bulk, making them cheaper and increasing profits. • Business owners benefited as they could mass-produce products faster and in better working conditions. ⸻ How Were Their Lives Affected? Factory Workers (Cotton & Wool) • Did not benefit. • Less demand for their products due to man-made fibers such as rayon. • Fashion used less fabric. • Prices fell, factories closed, and people were laid off. • Economic effects: drop in employment. African Americans (Did Not Benefit) • Sharecroppers had to give a portion of their land as rent. • Farmers lost out as there was a much lower demand for food after Europe began to redevelop. • Many Black people without jobs were unable to get new ones due to institutional racism. • Economic and social disadvantages. Farmers (Did Not Benefit) • Europe recovered and didn’t require American crops, leading to high unemployment. • 600,000 people unemployed. • High-tech meant more food was produced, lowering production costs but also leading to oversupply. • Economic struggles as they couldn’t sell goods to Europe, which was self-sufficient. • Combine harvesters and tractors allowed for greater production but didn’t help struggling farmers. ⸻ This structure makes it easier to follow and connects the causes of the boom with its effects