Results for "Catholics"

Lesson 52: Duties of Catholics

2.15 - religious policy - catholics

James I and Catholics

Denominational switching:  People who move from one sect of Christianity to another  “spiritual supermarket syndrome” “pew hoppers” or “switchers” -> name calling - Growing trend in western world towards denominational switching - People no longer making lifelong commitments to one church but more likely to swap based on where they feel comfortable and are catered for o Contrast to historic patterns where individuals and families traditionally remained affiliated with one denomination for generations - Reflection of modern consumer society - Reason for increase: mobility o Growth in car ownership since 1945 makes it easier to travel to favoured church rather than local parish church - Main losers of switching are older, mainstream, traditional denominations o Lutherans, uniting church, presbyterian, Anglicans NOTE: number of Catholics switching is very low - Pentecostal churches -> reason for switch is charismatic leaders in Pentecostal churches preach with great authority and services include rock bands Interdenominational switching: - Pentecostal churches have been greatest beneficiaries of “switchers” due to: o Aggressive evgelization o Focus on personal salvation o “up-tempo” gospel services o Attractive services to under 40’s in particular o Less focus on social, ethical or moral issues o Personal following of preachers - Revolving door syndrome -> Pentecostal churches loose membership as fast as they are gained Who switches and why? - Under 40s less likely to view lifetime loyalty to particular type of church as important (15%), compared to 60+ (38%) - People with active Christian faiths more likely to switch to seek stronger Christian community and exclusively provided - Family breakdown was another factor -> children of divorce 64% more likely to cease identifying with family faith than those of non-divorced parents o Catholics 1.7x more likely to switch to a moderate protestant (methodist) denomination and 2.6x more likely to switch to conservative protestant (Baptist, evangelical) denomination Denominational dissatisfaction: - Most people who stop attending church regularly don’t stop attending completely -> they continue to be searchers - Found services to be boring - Looking for openness to different views of religious matters and broad approach to worship catering for different spiritualities - Former adherents baulk at ‘hard-line’ moral and ethical stances on contentious issues e.g. abortion Rise of new age religions:  Extremely diverse in nature with focus on fostering individual fulfillment in regard to happiness, health and meaning in life (individualism)  New age religions can be followed instead of traditional religious practices or can be practised alongside traditional religions - Popular bc traditional religions fail to resonate with modern people - New age religions have been growing since 1970s and now include: o Feng shui o Tarot cards o Astrology o Meditation o Scientology o Spiritualism o Philosophy - New age religions tend to reject monotheism, but may except polytheism, worship of nature (pantheism), goddesses, or monism (belief that everything is one) - New age religions often adopt elements of eastern religions, and may incorporate elements of numerology, astrology, yoga, tai chi, paganism and feng shui - Part of appeal is they provide freedom for adherents to pick and choose what they believe fulfills them in spiritual manner - From 1996-2001 140% growth in new age religions in census Reasons for growth include: - Disillusionment with traditional religion and traditional worship - Frustration with slowness of change - Desire for personal fulfillment - Desire to find new ways of seeking inner peace and health - Response to globalisation and de-centring of western ‘truths’ - Ease of travel - Lessening of commitment to traditional structures such as churches Links to religious traditions: - Trend towards new age religions introduced number of Hindu concepts into language and practice of many people who may not necessarily consider themselves religious - Practices include meditation, yoga and concepts such as reincarnation and karma Secularism:  Movement/concept which rejects religious belief or adherence  Belief that religion should not interfere with or be integrated into the public affairs of a society - Significant number of Australians are not religious, and number is still growing - Trend could be result of greater levels of technological and scientific knowledge + perseverance of many religions in antiquated and conservative attitudes - Some perceive to be hypocrisy that religions still try hold themselves to be moral authorities Promotes idea that society would be better off by not being controlled by religion for reasons including: - Pluralism: diversity of beliefs and cultures - Individualism, materialism and scepticism towards supernatural as result of scientific progress - Disillusionment with traditional religions Reasons for reduced membership of religious or attendance at church are varied but include: - Church practices that are boring or unfulfilling - Disagreement with church theology or stance on moral and social issues - Alternative practices that meet same needs as church e.g. social groups - No time for church - Personal dislike of religion - Technology and scientific advances that conflict with church Effects of secularism: - Loss of religious value - Lack of religious church practice e.g. civil marriages, non-religious funerals - Seeking alternative “religions” or “forms of spirituality” - Greater trust in science and belief in supernatural is contradictory to what many believe to be empirically true - Rise of new age religions which focus on personal satisfaction, self-help groups, happiness, mind and spirit exhibitions - Until 1973, australians only had two options for where + how they could get married (church or registry office) o Today 80%+ wedding ceremonies now performed by civil celebrants (up from 50% in 2021) Ecumenical movements within Christianity: - Increasingly secularised society - Involvement in issues of peace and social justice to renew relevance - Multifaith society requires ongoing dialogue with those who have different beliefs and practices - In australia today, relationships between Christian churches (ecumenism) and relations between various religious traditions (interfaith dialogue) are characterised by mutual tolerance and respect Ecumenism: - Movement among Christian churches to promote the restoration of unity among all Christians -> “collective movement” - Aims to bring branches (denominations) of church back to single community of faith or ‘body of Christ’ Sectarianism = Conflict between two groups of a particular faith - Sectarianism found in other countries is less vigorous in Australia Ecumenism is recent philosophical approach in life of church and australians have supported ecumenical ideas - Uniting Church in Australia - National Council of Churches - NSW Ecumenical Council Uniting church: - Formed 22nd June 1977 - Result of union of three individual churches o Congregational union of australia o Methodist church of australia o Presbyterian church of australia - “most significant ecumenical event in Australia’s history” (Francis Rush – Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane) - Particularly known for social justice approach and support for marginalised sections of society National council of churches in Australia: - Umbrella organisation bringing many of Australia’s churches together - Happens in both practical and organisational cooperation and discussion on faith-bade issues - Officially became NCCA in 1994 with inclusion of Catholic Church NSW Ecumenical Council: - Founded in 1982 - Encourages social justice and operates on an ecumenical level to achieve this - Central bond is that they’re all followers of Christ, so there’s unity amongst adherents o Rather than competing against each other, they come together in accordance with sense of Christian duty - Gives churches shared voice when following religious beliefs and undertakings - Involved in community projects such as helping settle refugees and providing accommodation to poor - Christmas Bowl initiative -> local church projects that aid people with needs - Local + international initiatives allow churches to have more significant impact o If they were separated there wouldn’t be as much impact - Domestic violence project -> raises awareness about how to respond to domestic violence and how to support survivors - Commission on middle east -> international initiative where member churches come together to advocate for Christians, minority groups and asylum seekers in Middle East Interfaith Dialogue:  Move to greater cooperation and harmony between people of different religious traditions  Involves positive communication and cooperation resulting from discussion between different faiths  Often involves discussing matters of societal + faith concern  Often led by ecumenical groups within a religion Example: NCCA (est. 1994) has ongoing dialogue with Australian Federation of Islamic Councils and Executive Council of Australian Jewry - Important to include all sectors of each religion “No World Peace without peace between the religions” Importance of interfaith dialogue: - Topics impact everyday Australian life - Discussing impacts of belief or behaviour reduces tension and misunderstanding - Some topics of community concern are important not only to religious community but also wider secular society of Australia and the world * Building understanding, goodwill and sense of community * Consider issues as a whole community * Encourages and allows individuals to learn about each other and different faiths * Encourages activities and projects of commonality within and between faiths * Importance for young people -> idealism and enthusiasm of youth Recent interfaith initiatives: 1991: Australian Council of Christians and Jews - Goal is to recognise common heritage and promote understanding 2004: The Columban Centre for Christian-Muslim Dialogue - Located in Turramurra -> focuses on dialogue between Christians and Muslims particularly among women 2007: one of largest groups to attend the Dalai Lama’s visit to Canberra was the Association for Studies of Religion Presently: as recognised by Cambridge text, the provision of Studies of Religion in the NSW HSC is, in itself, an example of interfaith dialogue 2023: last world parliament of religions in Chicago (where all faiths come together) Atomi Notes (need to fix): Current religious landscape in Australia: Christianity as major religious tradition: Immigration: - Most immigration from Britain 1945: migration brought Christianity into Australia (mainly Catholicism) - Was mainly impacted by new variety of ethnic backgrounds 1945-60: jews arrive from Europe 1960: drastic moves to restrict racial diversity in Australia 1973: white australia policy abandoned - Planned program for asian immigration 1975: asian immigration dramatically increased following Vietnam War - Australia accepted 120,000 refugees from Indochina Post 1975: spike in total Muslim population in Australia Denominational switching: People moving between sects of Christianity - Only comes from people who attend church - Source of information is from National Church Life Survey o Only 8% of people attend church - Christianity not further defined was biggest growing Christian response in 2016+2021 Rise of new age religions: Alternative spiritualities that aim to foster personal happiness, health and meaning in life - Popular bc traditional religions fail to resonate with modern people Mind, body, spirit festival -> Secularism: Belief religion should not interfere with or be integrated into public affairs of society - Promotes ideas that society would be better off by not being controlled by religion o Pluralism: diversity of beliefs and cultures o Individualism, materialism and scepticism towards supernatural as result of scientific progression o Disillusionment Ecumenism: • Impact of movements within australia (syllabus dot point) - Movement for dialogue and mutual understanding between Christian Churches o Response to immigration post 1945 National council of churches australia (NCCA): - Formed 1944 and consists of 18 member Churches across Australia - Runs programs o Act for peace o Safe church awareness o Australian churches refugee taskforce  Aims to apply Christian moral voice to suffering of refugees and asylum seekers  Gives combined Christian churches political voice in scheme of australia’s secularism  Combined power of churches means they have bigger impact on this social issue o Christmas bowl mission  Sends aid assistance to countries throughout Africa, asia, middle east and pacific NSW ecumenical council: - Formed 1982 with 18 member churches - Runs many initiatives o Domestic violence project  Allows church to have greater impact together rather than being separate o Commission on middle east  International initiative where member churches come together to advocate Christians, minority groups and asylum seekers in middle east How to answer a 5 marker: - Combine content with census data dot point - Always refer to stimulus explicitly o Look for dates, change in denomination, changed services offered 1) Intro -> Identify changes in australia’s religious landscape a. Denominational switching b. Immigration c. Secularisation 2) Explanation -> go through each change, referencing the syllabus Extra class notes: - Salvation army is a Christian denomination Examine the relationship between aboriginal spiritualities and religious traditions in the process of Reconciliation Reconciliation: - Process which changes relationship between individuals or groups for the better - Mainly used in Australia to describe way of improving relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians - Involves acknowledgement of injustices of past and dispossession, willingness + commitment to rectify these wrongs where possible, to improve the position of Aboriginal peoples in the future Key events: 1991 -> Land rights movement Dec 10, 1992 -> Redfern speech (PM Paul Keating) May 28, 2000 -> Sorry Day Sydney Harbour Bridge walk - More than 250 000 people walked across bridge to press Federal Government to apologise Feb 13, 2008 -> Federal Government apology - PM Rudd apologised on behalf of the Parliament and Government of Australia for past injustices - Stated apology was to “Remove a stain from the soul of Australia” and “It was time for all Australians, to come together, truly reconcile and together build a truly great nation” Kanyani video notes: - Country is family for Indigenous people o They live in + amongst nature e.g. walking around in natural state, no houses (huts) and sleep under the stars on the earth o All animals living with them are family - Born from Mother Earth and supported by her o “she looks after us with meat, bush tucker as well as water” - Trained to look after ceremonies, land and each other -> main importance - Never take more than you need and don’t destroy to the level where it cannot produce again o Duty to the land and caring for it - Each person is given totem animals o Not allowed to ever kill that animal - Spirit, psyche, mental, physical are all connected with every form - Oneness + completeness of oneness for everything - Every inch of land + waterways is sacred Aboriginal Spirituality Dreaming: - Definition: The Dreaming is infinite and links the past with the present to determine the future. It encapsulates the stories of creation and life in Aboriginal culture. - The Dreaming is the central and deepest reality of the Aboriginal world. - It is the spiritual dimension of reality that has existed from the beginning and continues to be present in all aspects of life. o The Dreaming is inextricably linked with the land Characteristics and features of the Dreaming - Dreaming is experiences through songs, stories, rituals and symbols. - Dreaming establishes the lore linking the relationship between Aboriginal people, the land, and all things associated with Aboriginal life. - This is evident through: o Kinship structures of society o Rules and obligations for social behaviours o Ceremonies performed to maintain the life of the land. - Quote: “The Dreaming refers to all that is known and all that is understood. It is the way Aboriginal people explain life and how their world came to being.” – 2024 Aboriginal Art and Culture, Alice Springs Australia. Kinship: - Kinship systems define where a person fits into the community, binding people together in relationships of sharing and obligation to one another and the land. - Connection to Dreaming: o Kinship binds culture, Country, family and community together it is a way of being. o Kinship systems assign the responsibility to transmit the knowledge of the Dreaming from Elders to the younger generation - Quote: “All people with the same skin grouping as my mother’s… They have the right, the same as my mother, to watch over me, to control what I’m doing, to make sure I do the right thing. It’s an extended family thing… It’s a wonderful secure system.” – Wadjularbinna Doomadgee Gungalidda leader, Gulf of Carpentaria, 1996 Ceremonial life: - The spirituality of Aboriginal people comes from their belief and understanding of the Dreaming, and how this has been taught to them throughout generations. - Ceremonial life is an essential expression of the Dreaming, connecting individuals with their ancestors, the land, and each other. Connections between ceremonial life and the Dreaming (STAR) - Stories from the Dreaming describe Aboriginal law and lifestyle, teaching about the way of life - Totems represent the individual as they existed in the Dreaming and carry ceremonial responsibilities (the embodiment of each individual in their primordial state) - Art communicated the Dreaming and the multiple layers of meaning - Rituals form the Dreaming and is a way to relive activities of ancestor spirits Obligations to the land and people - In Aboriginal society, people do not own the land it is a part of them, and it is part of their duty to respect and look after Mother Earth - Land has significance for all First Nations people as the sacred places provide a sense of identity and connection - Relationships within kinship groups connect people to places and define their obligations to each other - The land is an important aspect of Dreaming stories, particularly those associated with the time of Creation. - Custodianship o Custodianship of the land is a sacred duty bestowed upon Aboriginal people by the Dreaming - Sacred Sites o Specific locations are considered sacred because of the physical manifestations of the Dreaming. o These sites require special care and are often the focus of rituals - Sustainability Practices o Dreaming stories often includes teachings on how to care for the land o Practices such as controlled burning and seasonal hunting aim to ensure the land remains healthy for future generations. Aboriginal people believe they are related to, and custodians of natural world - This relationship provides advantages of survival and life and also imposes responsibilities of preservation and education In the land, aboriginal people see evidence of Dreaming and creation Dreaming stories which describe ancestors or Creation are set in land and describe actual land where people live Aboriginal people believe the Dreaming ancestor became the land Aboriginal people describe themselves as being descendants of particular ancestral beings Therefore have continuous and living relationship with features of the land Inseparable from the land and so believe if they are removed from the land then they will die (spiritually not literally) Ceremonial life: - By performing ceremonies, the Dreaming and its giving power loves on through human beings and animals - Ceremonies highlight the connection to the Dreaming, the importance of land, and relationships between people - Examples: initiation ceremony, men’s law and women’s law, funeral ceremonies, celebration ceremonies Purpose of aboriginal ceremonies: Rites of passage Inform all of the new status of the individual e.g. initiations and funerals Information Transfer from elder to younger generation Changes the social custodians of history Personal Support personal friendships Support personal or group activities e.g. intertribal or totemic group trade or cultural meetings Spiritual Maintain the link and connect people with the spiritual world or the Dreaming Types of aboriginal ceremonies: Ceremony Description Initiation ceremony Teaches young people bout the law and the spiritual beliefs Allows them to take their place as an elder in the community Men’s law and women’s law Each tribe has gender-specific roles and ceremonies Respect for individuals and the whole family is shown by accepting men’s and women’s law Funeral ceremonies Rite of passage from the living world to the spirit world Activities can include sprinkling of water, smoking of (bark) coffin, flowers, memory celebration Restriction of naming deceased person Celebration ceremonies Celebrate the telling of a Dreaming story Dancing and artwork happy and joyous The cause of continuation of life itself Ceremonies have changed over recent time bc of the impact of external religious beliefs (mainly Christian) and other social factors which have removed young people from their land and tribal support In some cases aboriginal spiritual beliefs have combined with Christianity in a form of syncretism (syncretism = combing of; coming together of …) Removal from land, kinship, and community has meant important ceremonial connections are becoming less effective Corroboree indicates a ceremony driven by settlers’ vernacular however they took that from one of the aboriginal torres strait islander peoples words for rituals which is ?keraberre? These ceremonies often centre on retelling of Dreaming stories -> singing, dancing, music and mime -> often body of actor is decorated to represent a spirit he/she is portraying Activities for rite of passage -> testing of strength, revelation of knowledge, the removal of the child from the biological mother, seclusion (learn to live of the land), giving of new name/sacred object Burial ceremonies -> death is time where spirit leaves body and returns to ancestor spirits -> certain ceremonies are used to encourage spirit on its journey

AP U.S. History - Unit 7, Topic 2: American Imperialism (1898-1945) Definition of Imperialism Expansion of a country’s political, economic, and military influence over another. U.S. begins imperial expansion with the purchase of Alaska (1867) for $7.2 million (known as "Seward’s Folly"). Discovery of gold in 1898 increases interest in expansion. Westward expansion mindset extends beyond the continent after the closing of the frontier. Arguments for Imperialism Economic Interests Desire for raw materials (e.g., gold in Alaska). Need for new markets to sell American goods (manufactured & agricultural). Social Darwinism Belief that stronger nations naturally dominate weaker ones. Expansion seen as a way for the U.S. to become a world power. Racial & Religious Justifications Josiah Strong's book Our Country (1885): Argues Anglo-Saxon race is superior and must “civilize” others. Expansion is a Christian duty to spread Western civilization. Military & Strategic Reasons Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890): Nations with strong navies dominate world affairs. U.S. builds a steel navy and seeks territories for naval bases. Leads to the race for Pacific and Caribbean islands (e.g., Hawaii, Guam, Philippines). Arguments Against Imperialism Self-Determination Nations should have the right to govern themselves. Same argument used by Americans to justify independence from Britain. Tradition of Isolationism George Washington’s Farewell Address warned against foreign entanglements. Expansion could lead to unwanted wars and conflicts. Racial Concerns Debate over whether the Constitution follows the flag: If the U.S. takes over a territory, do its people become American citizens? Many anti-imperialists opposed granting rights to non-white populations. Key Takeaways Imperialists supported expansion for economic, military, and ideological reasons. Anti-imperialists opposed it on the grounds of self-determination, isolationism, and racial concerns. The debate shaped U.S. foreign policy and led to further territorial acquisitions, setting the stage for U.S. involvement in global affairs. End of Notes. The Spanish-American War & American Imperialism Background: The American Empire Late 19th-century industrialists and politicians sought U.S. expansion. Cuba, a Spanish colony, was a key target for expansion. 1895: Cuban nationalists rebelled against Spain, but Spain crushed the revolt. Yellow Journalism & the Path to War Yellow Journalism: Sensationalized news stories exaggerated Spanish atrocities in Cuba. Key figures: Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst Encouraged U.S. intervention on humanitarian grounds. 1898: The U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, killing 200+ Americans. Yellow journalists blamed Spain, fueling war fever. Later investigations found the explosion was accidental. President McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain; Spain agreed but the U.S. declared war anyway. The Spanish-American War (1898) Short war: America won and emerged as an imperial power. Effects of the war: Cuba gained independence, but the Platt Amendment gave the U.S. the right to intervene militarily. Philippines annexed after U.S. forces, led by Theodore Roosevelt, defeated Spain. Filipinos, expecting independence, rebelled under Emilio Aguinaldo → Led to the Philippine-American War (1899-1902). Hawaii annexed (1898) for strategic reasons (midpoint to the Philippines). The Open Door Policy (1899) China was divided into European spheres of influence. U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent the Open Door Note to European powers, requesting equal trade access in China. Outcome: European powers did not reject the request, so the U.S. claimed success in securing trade rights. Significance The Spanish-American War marked the U.S.’s entry into imperialism. The U.S. expanded its influence globally through military power and economic policies. Let me know if you want any modifications! The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s) Main Idea: The Progressive Era was a time of social, political, and economic reform in response to issues caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption. Progressives believed government intervention was necessary to fix these problems. Who Were the Progressives? A diverse group: Protestants, feminists, labor leaders, African Americans, journalists Focused on issues like: Big business power (monopolies) Economic instability (Panic of 1893) Labor conflicts (strikes) Political corruption (machines like Tammany Hall) Jim Crow segregation Women’s suffrage Alcohol prohibition Muckrakers (Investigative Journalists) Exposed corruption and poor conditions in society Upton Sinclair - The Jungle (unsanitary meatpacking industry) Ida Tarbell - Exposed Standard Oil’s unfair business practices Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives (urban poverty and tenement conditions) Political Reforms (Expanding Democracy) Secret Ballot – Ended political bosses controlling votes. Direct Election of Senators (17th Amendment, 1913) – Senators now elected by the people instead of state legislatures. 18th Amendment (Prohibition, 1919) – Banned alcohol (led by groups like the Anti-Saloon League). 19th Amendment (Women’s Suffrage, 1920) – Gave women the right to vote. Initiative, Referendum, Recall – Gave citizens more power to propose, approve, and remove laws/politicians. Government Efficiency & Scientific Management Frederick Taylor’s "Scientific Management" (Taylorism) – Applied efficiency techniques to government & industry. Black Progressives & Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Legalized segregation (“separate but equal”). Niagara Movement (W.E.B. DuBois) – Advocated for immediate black rights. NAACP (1909) – Fought for racial justice through legal action. World War I (Unit 7, Topic 5) Causes of U.S. Involvement in WWI War Begins (1914): After Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, two alliances formed: Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia (formerly Triple Entente) Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (formerly Triple Alliance) U.S. Neutrality: Initially stayed out of the war but faced mounting pressure due to events: Sinking of the Lusitania (1915): A German U-boat sank a British passenger ship, killing 128 Americans. Public outrage followed, but neutrality was maintained. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Germany resumed sinking ships, including American vessels. Zimmermann Telegram (1917): Germany proposed a military alliance with Mexico, promising to help regain lost territory if the U.S. joined the war. The U.S. intercepted the message, pushing Wilson to act. U.S. Declares War (1917) April 2, 1917: Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war to “make the world safe for democracy.” American Expeditionary Forces (AEF): Led by General John J. Pershing, U.S. troops bolstered Allied forces and played a crucial role in turning the tide of the war. End of the War & Treaty of Versailles (1918-1919) November 11, 1918: Armistice signed, ending fighting. Treaty of Versailles (1919): Wilson proposed the Fourteen Points, advocating for self-determination, freedom of the seas, and the League of Nations. Britain and France sought to punish Germany, leading to harsh reparations and restrictions. League of Nations created, but the U.S. did not join due to congressional fears of being dragged into future wars. World War I: The Homefront (Unit 7, Topic 6) Total War & Mobilization The U.S. fully mobilized its economy, industry, and society for war. War Industries Board: Managed labor & factories to produce war supplies. Food Administration: Regulated food production for soldiers and civilians. Rural-to-urban migration increased as people sought industrial jobs. Civil Liberties & Government Control Espionage Act (1917) & Sedition Act (1918): Criminalized anti-war speech & draft resistance. Schenck v. United States (1919): Supreme Court ruled speech creating a "clear and present danger" (e.g., resisting the draft) could be restricted. Government censored reports on the Spanish Flu to maintain war morale. The First Red Scare (1919-1920) Fear of communist infiltration after the Russian Revolution. Palmer Raids: Over 6,000 suspected radicals, labor leaders, and immigrants arrested; 500+ deported. Immigration Restrictions Emergency Quota Act (1921) & National Origins Act (1924): Limited immigration, especially from Southern/Eastern Europe & Asia. Rooted in nativism (opposition to immigrants, especially Catholics & Jews). The Great Migration Large numbers of Black Americans moved from the South to Northern cities (e.g., Chicago, New York) for job opportunities & to escape Jim Crow laws. Faced discrimination & race riots in the North (e.g., 1919 race riots, Tulsa Race Massacre (1921)—300 Black people killed, 10,000 homeless)

ETHICS MIDTERM KANT'S MORALITY AND FREEDOM According to Kantian Philosophy, FREEDOM is a concept which involved in the moral domain. Kantian Freedom is closely linked to the notion of autonomy meaning "law itself; thus freedom falls obedience to a law that I created myself" "To act freely is to act autonomously. To act autonomously is to actc according to a law I give myself. When I act according to the laws of the natute, demands of social convention, when I pursue pleasure and comfort, I am not acting freely. To act freely is not tocsimply choose a means to a given end.To act freely is to choosecthe end itself, for its own sake." KANTIAN NOTION OF FREEDOM Contrasts of Kant's Notion of Moral Law 1. DUTY vs INCLINATION (morality) only the motive of duty, acting according to the law I give myself confers moral worth to an action. Any other motive, while possibly commendable, cannot give and an action moral worth Scenario 1: Duty vs Inclination A nurse, Maria, is working in a hospital She Is assigned to care for a difficult patient, Mr. Johnson, who is known for being rude and demanding. Maria feels a strong inclination to ignore Mr. Johnson's requests and provide minimal care due to his behavior. However, according to her duty as a nurse, Maria knows she must provide the same level of care to all patients regardless of their behavior. Scenario 2: Duty and inclination in accordance to Emmanuel Kant's Morality Sara, a Muslim American nurse, is working in a hospital where there is a shortage of staff. One day, she finds out that her colleague, Lisa, a Hindu Indian nurse, made a medication error that harmed a patient. Sara knows that according to her duty as a nurse, she should report the error to the authorities. However, Sara also feels a strong inclination to protect Lisa, as they are good friends, and she fears that reporting the error may harm Lisa's career. Scenario 3: Nurse Johnson is assigned to administer medication to patients in a hospital. One day, while on duty, she notices that one of her patients is in severe pain and requires immediate attention. However, Nurse Johnson is feeling exhausted and overwhelmed due to working long hours without a break. Despite knowing her duty to provide timely care to the patient, Nurse Johnson decides to take a break and relax for a while, prioritizing her inclination to rest over her duty to attend to the patient's needs. 2. AUTONOMY vs HETERONOMY (freedom) I am only free when my will is determined autonomously, governed by the law I give myself Being Scenario 1: Autonomy vs. Heteronomy Sarah, a high school student, is given the freedom to choose her extracurricular activities. She decides to join the debate club because she enjoys public speaking and critical thinking. Her parents support her decision but let her make the choice independently. Sarah feels empowered and motivated by her ability to make her own decisions In contrast, Sarah's friend Emily is pressured by her parents to join the school choir despite not having much interest in singing. Her parents believe that being part of the choir will improve Emily's confidence and social skills. Emily feels obligated to obey her parents' wishes, even though she would prefer to explore other activities. Scenario 2 David, a college student, is faced with a difficult decides on about whether to cheat on an upcoming exam. Despite feeling overwhelmed by the pressure to perform well, David chooses not to cheat because he believes it is morally wrong. On the other hand, David's classmate, Tom, decides to cheat on the exam after being persuaded by his friends who argue that everyone else is doing it and that the consequences are minimal. 3. Categorical vs Hypothetical Imperatives (reason) Kant acknowledges two ways in which reason can command the will, two imperatives. Hypothetical Imperatives uses instrumental reason: " If i want X, I must do Y" Hypothetical Imperatives is always conditional. Categorical Imperatives is non-conditional. Situation 1 [categorical] A student wants to pass their exam. If the student wants to pass the exam, they must study diligently Scenario 2 [hypothetical] A person wants to lose weight. If the person wants to lose weight, they must exercise regularly and eat healthily. Scenario 3 [categorical] A nurse encounters a patient in the hospital who requires immediate medical attention. However, the nurse is unsure if she should assist the patient because it is her break time, and she wants to relax. Scenario 4 [ categorical] A nurse is assigned to administer medication to a patient However, the nurse mistakenly believes that she can skip certain safety protocols to save time. ROLE OF FREEDOM IN MORALITY Morality refers to the cultivation of virtue Virtue: the development of character traits so that choosing the good becomes the matter of habit But in order to be truly Virtues, a person must be set free to cultivate such virtue, or not. FREEDOM: THE FOUNDATION OF MORAL ACT Freedom is humans' greates quality, a reflection of our creator. The power rooted in: Reason and Will To Act or Not To Act To Do This or That To Perform Out of Responsibility Good and Evil are forged out from freedom. And that as a person reaches a higher level of freedom, he becomes more capable of higher levels of morality. However, the sinful person becomes a slave. The concept of Freedom is a central premise in Religious Morality, and Secular Culture greatly exalts freedom. FREEDOM AND FREE WILL Freedom is rooted in "reason and will", "to act or not to act", "to do this or that", and to perform deliberate actions on one's own responsibility is a premise in religious morality (i.e. Catholics). Since our secular culture greatly exalts freedom. Freewill "the power of acting without of the constraint necessity or fate" -Oxford Dictionary "the notional capacity or ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded. Free will is closely linked to the concepts of moral responsibility, praise, culpability, sin, and other judgements which apply only to actions that are freely chosen." -Philosophical notion FREEDOM FREEWILL Refers to the ability to act according to one’s own will, without coercion or constraint. Often associated with external circumstances, such as legal rights or societal norms Can be limited by external factors, such as laws, regulations, or societal expectations. Implies, the absence of external restrictions on one’s actions Refers to the philosophical concept that individuals have the ability to choose their actions freely. Often associated with internal mental states, such as intentions, desires, and beliefs. Implies the ability to make choice that are not determined by external factors alone. Raises questions about determinism, the idea that all events, including human actions, are ultimately determined by causes to external to the will Reason and Will Difference Similarity Reason -the ability to think, understand, and form judgement based on logic -is often associated with intellect and rationality -more objective and impartial -faculty of the mind - Both involve conscious process and can be influenced by various factors - Both play a role in decision-making and guiding behavior Will -ability to make conscious choices -desire and motivation -more of an intentional process -influenced by emotions and desires Faculty of the soul/spirit -Both are considered important aspects of human nature in many philosophical and psychological theories FREEWILL AGAINST ALL ODDS "if man has freewill, then are we truly free?" Freewill in Philosophy VS Freewill in the Scientific Notion Freedom, Freewill and Chaos Freewill in the Scientific Notion Chaos Theory (Physics and Quantum Mechanics) interdisciplinary area of scientific study and branch of mathematics focused on underlying patterns and deterministic laws of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions, and were once thought to have completely random states of disorder and irregularities. Chaos Theory (Psychology) is a theory that explains events that seem unforeseeable and erratic on their surface but are controlled by deterministic explanations. The chaos theory definition is applied to nonlinear systems that are significantly impacted by the circumstances of their starting position. The theory explains that extremely small changes in the initial circumstances of a situation can result in extreme differences later on. Chaos Theory (Leyman's) describes the qualities of the point at which stability moves to instability or order moves to disorder. CHAOS THEORY: Butterfly Effect "one small occurrence can influence a much larger complex system" evokes the idea that a small butterfly flapping its wings could, hypothetically, cause a typhoon. Or it could not - the mind-boggling part of the butterfly effect is that it's virtually impossible to predict whether a small system will lead to chaotic behavior ETHICAL THEORIES I. Consequentalism Il. Moral Subjectivism III. Ethnocentricism IV. Social Contract Theory V. Feminist Ethics VI. Situation Ethics Vil.Divine Command Theory VIII. Natural Law Theory IX. Rawl's Theory of Justice X. Ethical Nursing Theories REASON AND IMPARTIALITY Reason and Impartiality are not absolute to a particular group of people, while Morality is absolute. REASON the capacity for consciously making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts, applying logic, changing or justifying practices, intitutions, and beliefs bassed on new or existing information (Kompridis, 2000) CONSEQUENTIALISM: Only the consequenecs, or outcomes, of actions matter morally. Acts are deemed to be morally right (or wrong) solely on the basis of their consequeces. e.g.: Lying (considered wrong) Consequentialism: "If lying is may help save a person's life, then lying is deemed to be the right thing to do." theoretical flaw: difficult; no one can predict the future; objectionable Principles of Consequentialism 1. Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act; 2. The better consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act. MORAL SUBJECTIVISM Right and Wrong is determined by what YOU, the subject just happens to think or "FEEL" is right or wrong Theories under Moral Subjectivism A. Simple Subjectivism B. Individualist Subjectivism C. Moral Relativism D. Ideal Observer E. Ethical Egoism F. Utilitarianism G. Teleotonlogy H. Deontology I. Virtue Ethics A. Simple Subjectivism view that ethical statements reflect sentiments, personal preferences and feelings rather than objective facts B. Individual Subjectivism Individualist, a view put forward by Protagoras, saying that "there are as many distinct scales of good and evil as there are individuals in the world." Egoism, maintains that every human being ought to pursue what is in his or her self-interest inclusively. C. Moral Relativism or Ethical Relativism, view that "for a thing to be right, it must be approved by society", leading to the conclusion of different things are right for people in the different societies and different time periods D. Ideal Observer view that 'what is right is determined by the attidtudes that a hypothetical ideal observer"(a being who is perfectly rational, imaginative, and informed) E. Ethical Egoism Right and wrong is determined by what is in your self-interest. Or is it immoral to act contrary to your self-interest based on Psychological Egoism, that WE by nature, act selfishly. Egocentricism and Sociocentrism E1. Egocentricism -the common tendency to consider one's personal opinion. - "an egocentric thinker thinks or does not recognized or even entertain any other opinion; thinks that their opinion alone matters, and all other opinions fare less compared to his own" E2. Sociocentrism - when an entire community (not just an individual) or social group imposes its own worldview and thinks of it as an unquestionable. e.g Religious groups (Islam, Christians, and Jewish) Political Factions Postcolonial Mentality F. Utilitarianism a theory that holds that the best way to make moral decision is to look at the potential consequences of each available choices, then pick the option that either does most to increase happiness or does to increase suffering. G. Teleontology refers to the philosophical study of the nature and essence of teleology, which is the study of purpose or goal-directedness in nature. can be understood as the study of the purpose or ultimate goals behind things, particularly in the context of healthcare and nursing. It involves examining why certain healthcare practices are carried out and what they aim to achieve for the well-being of patients. H. Deleontology or Deontological Ethics is an approach that focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the rightness or wrongness of the consequence of those actions I. Virtue Ethics is an excellent trait of character. Is a disposition, well entrenched in its possessor. emphasizes an individual's character as the key element of ethical element of ethical thinking. States that only good people can make good moral decision. Therefore, the best way to be moral is to constantly seek to improve oneself. Virtue ethics encourages nurses to embody virtues like empathy and kindness, which guide their actions and decisions Examples Compassionate Care: A nurse provides emotional support and comfort to a grieving family, demonstrating empathy and compassion. Honest Communication: A nurse is truthful and transparent in communication with patients and families, reflecting honesty as a virtue. Advocacy: A nurse advocates for a patient's needs, showing fairness and a commitment to justice. I1. Eudaimonism holds that the proper goal of human life is eudamonia (which can be variously translated as "happiness") and that this goal can be achieved by a lifetime of practicing arête (the virtues), in one's everyday activities, subject to the exercise of phronesis (practical wisdom) or dilemmas which might aruse. I2. Ethics of Care developed by Annette Baier (1987), is focused upon feminine mentality,wherein it is to exemplified by women such as: taking care of others, patience, ability to nurture, and self sacrifice, etc. I3. The Theory of Natural believe that every person is endowed with certain inalienable rights, such as right to life, right to property, right to liberty. Kant's Good Will and Sense of Duty to act out of sense of moral "obligation" or "duty" ETHNOCENTRISM -is the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture. It involves judging other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture, often leading to a biased perspective where one's own culture is seen as the "norm" or the standard by which all other cultures are measured. Ethnocentrism can result in prejudice, discrimination, and misunderstanding towards other cultures. Implications for Nursing Practice Cultural Imposition: Nurses may unintentionally impose their own cultural beliefs on patients, which can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. For example, a nurse might assume that a patient's reluctance to accept a particular treatment is due to ignorance rather than cultural beliefs Barriers to Communication: Ethnocentrism can create barriers in communication between nurses and patients. When nurses view their cultural norms as superior, they may struggle to understand the perspectives of patients from different backgrounds, leading to ineffective communication and reduced trust. Impact on Patient Compliance: Patients who perceive that their cultural beliefs are not respected may be less likely to comply with medical advice or treatment plans. This non-compliance can result in poorer health outcomes and increased healthcare disparities among ethnocultural groups IV. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY posits that moral obligations arise from agreements among individuals in society. It suggests that ethical rules are those that rational individuals would agree to for mutual benefit. Application in Nursing in nursing, social contract theory can inform professional codes of conduct and ethical standards that nurses agree to uphold. Examples Professional Codes: Nurses adhere to professional codes that outline ethical responsibilities, such as respecting patient rights and maintaining professional boundaries. Teamwork: Nurses work collaboratively with other healthcare professionals based on agreed-upon roles and responsibilities. Patient Rights: Nurses respect and advocate for patient rights such as the right to refuse treatment, as part of their professional obligations. V. FEMINIST ETHICS a complex set of interrelated perspectives that emphasize interpersonal concerns such as caring, interdependence, and the ethical requirements of particular relationships. Such concerns are traditionally identified with women, but Feminist Ethics should not be thought of as a theory only for women. Feminist ethics can guide care that prioritizes empathy, nurturing, and the well-being of patients and their families. Examples Holistic Care: Nurses provide care that considers the emotional and social needs of patients, not just their physical health. Supportive Relationships: Nurses foster supportive relationships with patients and their families, emphasizing care and empathy Advocacy for Vulnerable Groups: Nurses advocate for the rights and needs of vulnerable patient groups, reflecting a commitment to social justice. VI. SITUATION ETHICS argues that ethical decisions should be made based on the unique circumstances of each situation, rather than adhering to fixed rules. Sițuation ethics can guide decisions that require flexibility and adaptation to individual patient needs. Examples: Emergency Situations: In emergency situations, nurses mayneed to act quickly without following standard protocols, prioritizing immediate patient needs. Cultural Sensitivity: Nurses adapt care practices to respect the cultural beliefs and values of diverse patients. End-of-Life Care: Nurses make decisions about end-of-life care based on the specific needs and wishes of the patient and their family. VII. DIVINE COMMAND THEORY (DCT) is a metaethical theory that posits that moral values and obligations are grounded in the commands of God. According to this theory, actions are morally right if they align with God's commands and morally wrong if they contradict them. This perspective asserts that morality is not based on human reasoning or societal norms but is derived from divine authority. Is higher than human act Key Features of DCT 1.God's Sovereignty: DCT emphasizes that God's will is the ultimate foundation for all moral principles. What God commands is inherently good, while what He forbids is inherently bad. 2. Objective Moral Standards: The theory asserts that moral truths exist independently of human opinions or cultural contexts. These truths are rooted in divine commands. 3. Moral Simplicity: Actions can be categorized as right or wrong based on their alignment with God's commands, making moral decision-making straightforward according to this framework. 4. Religious Texts as Guidance: Ethical guidance is derived from sacred texts, such as the Bible or the Qur'an, which provide the commandments and principles that followers are expected to uphold. 5. Absolute Moral Laws: Since God's commands are seen as unchanging, the moral laws derived from them are also considered fixed and universal. 6. Limitations on Autonomy: Adherents to DCT may find their personal freedoms constrained by divine dictates, emphasizing obedience to religious laws over individual preferences. Applications of DCT in Nursing: Guiding Ethical Decisions Nurses who subscribe to DCT may use their understanding of divine commands to guide their ethical decisions in clinical settings

Unit 1 Mercantilism -Economic relationship where the mother country has tight economic control -England's goal was to maximize wealth and power Navigation Acts -Laws that prevent colonies from trading/selling or buying from other countries Salutary neglect -Good neglect -GB was backing off the colonies - Not military or trade Middle Passage -2-3 month voyage -15% died on the ship -slaves are captured and chained together Enlightenment - A movement started in Europe by a small group of intellectuals -discussed thoughts, wrote books, and sent them to America. -Influenced America -believed there was a natural solution to every problem54rat vc Diests -Not a religious group -Believed there was a creator -Believed the creator was gone now, standing outside human experience, or just gone -Therefore, there is no reason to pray or go to church John Locke -English Philosopher -Believe every person has natural rights -Life liberty and property -Believed if the government wasn’t respecting these rights, the people could overthrow it Benjamin Franklin -Liked John Locke's Ideas -Freed slaves because of Lockes’ ideas -Referred to America as slaves to GB that should be freed Great Awakening/Pietism -A Christian movement stressed individual connection to god -didn’t like the king being the head of American churches -people required by law to attend church and pay taxes to the church -The revival movement started with thousands of people outside of the church -rejected English church system French and Indian War (including impacts on revolution) -Conflict between France and England -native american tribes helped both sides -Colonies were on the coast, french was on the inland -Settlers tried to move west and ran into french -France had a fur trading empire Sugar Act -Not the amount that mattered, it was the principal -A small tax on sugar -Re-enactment of molasses tax -People couldn't protest because they would be caught illegally trading it Stamp Act Tax on anything sold that was made out of paper It is not a huge amount but it affects a lot of people Stamp Act Congress Group of middle-aged educated men -made legal arguments -no tax w/o representation -No jury trial = not right -very respectful Sons of Liberty -young, violent, rowdy people, -South out by Stamp Act -bullies, terrorist-esk -Paid to do the calm group dirty work Declaratory Act -said that GB had the right to tax the colonies -warning official statement -one year after the Stamp Act was repealed Townshend Acts -taxed people on four things -paper -paint -glass -tea -GB argued they needed the money -affected virtually every American Non-Importation -Didn’t buy or use anything British -Loyalists were targeted with violence -Idea to shut British down economically Daughters of liberty -used gender-based skills -Women made their clothes and clothes and made others if they couldn’t Boston Massacre -Lots of British soldiers + SOL on streets -Soldiers surrounded and attacked with snowballs, rocks, bottles, pavement -A gun raised in the air to shoot, the smoke clears and 5 dead -exaggerated the event to send a message, made into propaganda -made out to be a completely random attack on Americans Tea Act -Lowered the tax on tea -GB had an economic problem with the British East India Tea Company -Made British tea the cheapest tea Committees of Correspondence -Properganda and social media -Coordinated the riders to spread the propaganda to other areas -the message was to not fall for the British tea -many SOLs took part in this -made physical threats to British ship captains. Boston tea Party -Ships in Boston harbor waiting for soldier escort -SOL disguised themselves as Native Americans -At night dumped a lot of pales of tea into the harbor -342 chests of tea destroyed, major financial loss for GB Coercive (Intolerable) Acts -Nicknamed intolerable acts by patriots -Boston Port Act (shut down harbor) -Ma. Gov. Act (shut down all colonial gov) -New Quartering Act (sent more soldiers, colonists had to house them) -Administration of Justice Act (soldiers who committed a capital crime would go to GB for trial) 1st Continental Congress -hoped to go to war but not independence. -rep from every colony except Georgia -3 things were decided -organize militias -keep boycotting -meet again in spring Loyalists (Tories) -Completely loyal to GB -snitch on patriots -⅓ of colonists Paul Revere -Rode from Boston to Concord -warned British soldiers were coming (bc patriots were gathering weapons) -Soldiers were going to break up the weapon-gathering Minutemen -Middle-aged men + teenage sons w/o military experience -said they'd be ready in a minute if needed Lexington and Concord -Militia started shooting soldiers who were taken by surprise -Casualties on both sides (273 GB) (95 Patriots) -The British retreated to Boston, and people shot them along the way 2nd Continental Congress -Met in May 1775 -Decided three things -no more militias, make a continental army -Continue boycotting -2 groups would send letters to the king -The” Olive Branch Petition” asked the king to step in, no war, but reverse British policy -” Declaration of causes of taking up arms” reasons why they’d fight -The King messaged both groups “I will crush you” (basically), which united both groups. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense -50 page pamphlet convincing the middle group to join the patriot cause - Is it in the interest of a man to be a boy all his life? -A gov. Of our own is our natural right ‘tis time to part. -Question, why do you obey the king? Thomas Jefferson/ Declaration of Independence -Jefferson wrote it with help from Franklin and Adams -Gave a list of reasons for independence -used “he” to target people's anger towards the king -” life liberty and the pursuit of happiness” -Helped more colonists to join the patriots. War of Attrition/George Washington -Not play by rules -make it difficult for the enemy - make the British think the war is stupid and give up Battle of Trenton/Battle of Princeton -British in NYC, Americans in Pennsylvania -On Christmas night patriots crossed the Delaware River, a surprise attack. -Heschians surrendered. Battle of Saratoga/General John Burgoyne - Burgoyne was overconfident in himself and told soldiers to bring family and friends -Got ambushed by minutemen at Saratoga, minutemen attacked the back of the basic parade situation happening. -John Burgoyne escaped, not defeated. Funding the Continental Army -borrowed money from France and other British enemies -borrowed gold and silver but they were afraid to raise taxes -printed money, not worth face value causing insane inflation Treaty of Paris (1783) -Treaty negotiation took 2 years Formally recognize that GB no longer had claims in North America, and USA is not a country All land won in french- Indian War was now American American fishing ships were allowed to fish in GB waters off the coast of Canada If GB Freed slaves they had to give them back Both countries had access to the Mississippi River America agreed to not persecute or bother loyalists (agreed to but not followed) Loyalists after the war -A lot of them left -Many went to Canada - A small group went to England -Few went to the British West Indies -Some stayed, had to keep their mouths shut, and live American Established churches after the war -Freedom of religion was prominent -Religion was big -Church of England turned into Episcopalion Chuch Unit 2 Mixed Government -people feared too much democracy -elect people to represent them, a democratic republic System of checks and balances Articles of Confederation -first constitution -four things, Power to form army and navy Power to declare independence and war Power to establish diplomatic relationships between nations Right to handle sidputs against the states. -did not include the right to tax Northwest Ordinance of 1787 -Procedure on how territories would become states The adult white male population of 5,000 in the territory could send a non-voting rep to Congress Could become a state when the adult white male population is 60,000 Write the state constitution and apply for statehood Shays’ Rebellion -Daniel was the leader -farmers fed up after fighting in the war, and the debt wasn't their fault -tried to overthrow the Ma. state government -4,000 state soldiers fought the farmers, they won after months Virginia Plan -James Madison's plan at the Constitutional Convention -congress with two parts upper/lower house -reps depended on the state's population New Jersey Plan -William Patterson plan -Single-house legislature -equal representation Connecticut Compromise -take both ideas and mush them together -Senate, equal representation -house of reps, based on population -electoral college ⅗ Compromise -Decided after the electoral college system was decided -Southern states wanted slaves to count towards pop, the North did not -a slave counted as ⅗ of a person for electoral college + house of reps Difference between Federalists and Anti-Federalists -Federalists wanted to ratify the constitution and have a strong central government -Anti-federalists had two problems with the constitution Wanted states rights Wanted individual rights Federalist Papers -Hamilton, Jay, and Madison wrote anonymous essays -Convince people to approve the constitution -Helped to gain support Bill of rights -wrote to please the anti-federalists -includes the first ten amendments -worked, and it was ratified Thomas Jefferson vs. Hamilton on the Constitution -Jefferson had a strict interpretation, this meant following it to a t. -Jefferson meant this to limit the power of the constitution -Hamilton had a loose interpretation, which meant unless the constitution says no, they can do it -This meant to stretch the power of the constitution Hamilton's financial plan 1. Report on Public Credit, This addressed all levels of debt People could give paper money to the government and they'd redeem it at face value. Or people could give loan certificates back and provide a new one with interest. 2. Report on a national bank Established a national bank that held money at taxes Should be a large government institution 3. Report on manufactures Not adopted Use money to get new manufacturing businesses going Jay's Treaty -George Washington sent John Jay to negotiate for a stop to the bullying of ships at sea -A last resort, ended with GB saying they’ll stop and start trading with the USA Whiskey Rebellion -Corn farmers in Pa. angry because of corn prices and attempt to overthrow the state government -Washington sent 15,000 federal troops and he led them himself to send a message XYZ Affair - Adams tried to make a treaty for American ships being bullied, sent a rep to France -Prime minister rep refuses to meet with our rep -Adams tried again and sent three more reps who again denied - Democrats in Congress accused Adams of never trying to negotiate -Adams told them what happened and replaced their names with XYZ Aliens and sedition acts 1. Naturalization act, had to live in us for 14 years to apply for citizenship (previously 4) 2. Alien Act On suspension, non-citizens could be deported to their country of origin 3. Alien EnemiesAct If at war, us could deport migrants without suspension 4. Sedition Act. Made sedition a crime, if convicted $2,000 or two years in jail Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions/ Nullification -Declared states had fundamental rights that the federal government could not infringe -Stated that states could nullify laws that they viewed as unconstitutional Revolution of 1800 -Think about Hamilton's musical. -Adams and Jefferson run again, Burr comes in third, and Jefferson (after a tie) wins. - Adams did not put up a fight when leaving before the inauguration. Louisiana Purchase -Louisiana territory purchased from France for $ 15 million -Neoplean realized he didn’t care about the western hemisphere, and sold it to make a profit Lewis and Clack Expedition -An expedition to explore the Louisiana territory -Wanted to learn about the weather, terrain, native Americans, etc. -Ended on the Oregon coast at Fort Clatsop. -A very peaceful trip they brought presents for tribes, brought Sacagawea 2 Reasons Burr became infamous -Challenged and killed Hamilton in a dual -Fled to the Mississippi River area -plotted to overthrow that area and become dictators with James Wilkonson Troubles with Britain and France at Sea -GB had impressed 8,000 American sailors -Jefferson enacted the Embargo Act of 1808 which halted trade with the countries but backfired. War Hawks and their goals -Young men who wanted to expand US land -Get Canada and Florida -they were very aggressive and would go to war for this -Jefferson's party. Causes of the Way of 1812 The -US gov said it was the bullying of ships at sea and native americans -Historians say it was the war hawks wanting to expand land. Treaty of Ghent -Established in 1815 for the War of 1812 -established no real winner or loser and everything would go back to normal. -historians think this is why GB stopped bullying our ships. Hartford Convention -Federalists met up during the war to discuss secession -made them look like traitors after the war -capitalized on the unpopularity of the war Eli Whitney -Creator of the cotton gin -made it when American cotton and slavery were declining -caused both those things to expand exponentially Missouri Compromise -Henry Clay -Union had a perfect balance of slave and not slave states -Missouri would be upset about this -had Missouri join as a slave state -Main break off from Ma. and become a free state In the long term, any state joining below the 36, 30 would be a slave state Rush-Bagot Treaty -By John Quincy Adams -Established the north border of the US after Canada and the states expanded fully Adams-Onis Treaty -John Quincy Adams -treaty with Spain -US bought Florida Monroe Doctrine -Established European countries had to stay out of the western hemisphere -No new countries -Helped GB by letting them have land uncontested -in return, GB would protect the us Election of 1824 (corrupt bargain) -3 presidential candidates none had the majority but Jackson had the most -Clay had the least about of votes but was the speaker of the house -made a deal with Adams that if Clay endorsed him Clay could be Sec of State. -Made Adamss an unpopular president John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and the “American System” 1. Protective Tariff 2. Internal improvements (roads canals etc.) 3. A national bank Andrew Jackson's views of the American System 1. the tariff was a conspiracy against the South because they were more agricultural 2. the roads and canals were fine but he’d rather the states fund them 3 . The national bank was corrupt and run by wealthy people to stuff their own pockets Tariff of Abominations -Jackson had lost an election and wanted to win this one had Southern support but not northern -gained support by making a tariff (helped him gain support in the north) Kitchen Cabinet -Jackson did not trust his cabinet -never held a cabinet meeting -Held meetings with friends around the kitchen table instead Spoils System -Fired everyone -put his followers in government positions -no one was qualified for the positions they gained Second Part system (democrats vs. Whigs) -emerged in the 1830’s -whigs: - Less extreme federalists -anti-andrew Jackson -more elitist party (educated + wealthy) -democrats stayed the same (party of the south) Panic of 1837 -An economic depression caused by Jackson partially when he removed all the money from the national bank -Also by the tariff of 1828 -made it harder for GB and USA to do business they pulled out of investments and business Election of 1840/ Williams Henry Harrison -Whigs finally only ran one person who was a war hero to draw more people in -Harrison won but got pneumonia and died a month into his presidency John Tyler’s Presidency -VP to William Henry Harrison -hated by both parties -he was a Democrat but ran as a Whig because he got screwed over by Jackson -Whigs hated him because he was a Democrat and vice versa American Colonization society -Abolitionist movement -thought that they would buy slaves off their owners and return them to Africa -only 6,000 slaves were freed and they founded Liberia Though blacks and whites couldn’t or shouldn’t live together Nat Tuener’s Rebellion -Nat Turner is a slave who never did anything wrong to his master -had a vision from god -several plantations revolted at the same time -made plantation owners paranoid and more strict -All escaped slaves were eventually killed or returned to their plantations Theodore Dwight Weld/ Angelina Grimke #powercouple -Theodore was a minister abolitionist and had an audience because of that -Angelina was born and raised on a plantation but moved to the north to be an outspoken abolitionist Manifest DestinyNorthernersrs and Southerners agreed on this -Assumption that the US would expand to the [acific and central land -seen as good and pure Fifty-Four fort or fight -A line of latitude -Wanted all of Oregon country and they would fight for it James Polk -A president from Tenesse that no one knew -Ran on getting Texas and Oregon -Said he would and only served on term General Winfield Scott -General in the Mexican-American war -Had a secret amphibious operation that they went from Vera Cruz to Mexico City -took over Mexico City and Mexico surrendered Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -Polk could have taken all of Mexico and had pressure from Southerners to do so -He only took Texas Election of 1848 -Polk didn’t rerun -the whig Zachery Taylor won, he was a southern slave owner who was a general -Democrats ran Lewis Cass who was a northerner and not pro-slavery. Popular sovereignty -Lewis Cass’s view on slavery and expansion -Appealed to the people in the middle -When a state entered the union they would vote on being a slave or free state California Gold Rush -Gold was found in California in 1848 and many people moved there -California didn’t agree with the Missouri compromise Gadsden Purchase -bought the southern part of Arizona -originally wanted more but the Mexican government talked them down Compromise of 1850 -5 parts -only two important -the admission of California as a free state -passage of the fugitive slave act Unit 3 Election of 1852 -Pierce was the democratic candidate who won because Whigs were divided over slavery -Whigs won General Winfield Scott who was anti-slavery which some whigs didn’t like Kansas-Nebraska Act/Stephen A. Douglas -Stephen was trying to be a great compromise like Clay -Proposed that Kansas and Nebraska become states and use popular sovereignty -The South was happy because those states never had a chance to be slave states and now they did -The North was worried about the South and formed a new political party to replace the Whigs (republicans) American (know nothing) Party -3rd party who was anti-immigrant and anti-catholic -Thought the Irish were going to try to take over America as Catholics -leaders told them to respond with “know nothing” when asked about what their party was about Bleeding Kansas -Lawrence Kansas was a free town -Slavery supporters attacked Lawrence, killed, burned buildings, raped people. -the goal was to terrify the anti-slavery side John Brown –A very serious abolitionist who thought god was using him to end slavery -Took four of his sons and two other men to get revenge for Lawrence Kansas -Went to pro-slavery people houses who had nothing to do with the attacks -Dragged the men of the families onto the lawn and killed them The caning of the summer (Charles Sumner) -An abolitionist senator who gave a speech on the Senate floor –called out important people like President Pierce and SC Senator Andrew Butler (old guy) -Butler’s relative Preston Brookes got revenge for Butler by caning Charles Sumner Election of 1856 (Buchanan vs. Fremont) -Buchanan (D) was northern but pro-south -Fremont was the other candidate -Buchanan was a dough face who got all of the South and some of the North so he won -Fremont was a free soiler Lecompton Constitution -Pro-slavery people met in Lecompton to write a state constitution or Kansas -Sent to DC House of reps and President Buchanan publicly endorses it anyways –House people didn’t endorse it because it was completely fraud. Dred Scott -Scott was a slave taken from south to north and argued he could be free -The Supreme Court was dominated by Southerners and decided against Scott -implied slavery could be taken anywhere. Lincoln-Douglas Debates -Debated slavery in the Senate race. -Lincoln from Illinois condemned slavery but his priority was the union -Douglas was a moderate, liked popular sovereignty - Lincoln thought slaves should have rights in the Constitution, and Douglas fell back on popular sovereignty and he won Election of 1860 -Abraham Lincoln won - beat out Douglass Secession -SC started secession and the deep South followed -Feb. 1862 all southern states succeeded -The South considered themselves a new country, but Lincoln did not. Crittenden Plan -Buchanan supports this -Congress tried to stop secession by: -Extend Missouri compromise line -never try to abolish slavery -North rejected it Fort Sumter -Lincoln is the president -Confederates said if the US didn’t evacuate by a certain time they would attack it -kicked off the Civil War, confederacy got control of the fort -no deaths or injuries -April 12, 1861 Jefferson Davis -President of the Confederate States of America -War of attrition with an underdog mentality -related the confederacy to the US and the US to Britain First Battle of Bull Run (Manasses) -Virginia in July 1961 first major battle -north was confident but had to run away because they lost -Disaster for the north Antietam -On northern territory -24000 died in one day -both sides lost -Lincoln decides to fire McClellan (northerners didn’t understand why) How the Union and Lincoln Prepared for War -Held a draft halfway through the war -Many rich people hired other people to serve for them -made income taxes -sold bonds, tariffs, borrowed money from money from other countries How the Confederacy and Davis prepared for war -South doesn’t have a strong gov -Davis struggles to get buy-in -Wealthy people didn’t want to contribute so most of the taxes fell on the middle class -Had to seize things from plantations by force -economy struggled Emancipation Proclamation -Abraham Lincoln did this to end slavery and save the union -slaves started escaping and joining Union troops when they were near -So many slaves were freed that the Union didn’t know what to do Battle of Vicksburg/General Ulysses S. Grant -Grant was not the general yet -Grant took Union ships and covered them in iron which worked -allowed grant to move eastward Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg -Took place in Gettysburg Pa. -As far as the North as the South ever got -The confederacy started to get pushed backward after this -end of the Confederate success Role of African American Soldiers At the start of the war, they were not allowed to help -end of the war became 10% of Union troops -Fought in segregated units but were enthusiastic about fighting -paid less than white soldiers Ulysses S. Grant’s War Strategies -Considered controversial techniques -Total war strategy -Willing to lose his own men's lives, throw them at the enemy -Since the North had more soldiers than the South he could do that Shenandoah CampaignThe goal was to not kill civilians but destroy everything but life -Sunandoah was close to N+S border -found civilians who were helping confederates ride into the north and did this to them. Election of 1864 -Lincoln didn’t think/wasn’t expected to win -switched his VP to a Southerner who was pro-union -George McClellan ran against him for revenge -General William Sherman captured Atlanta and burned it to the ground which was a positive surprise and led to lincolns reelection William T. Sherman’s March to the Sea -After burning down Atlanta he marched to the Atlantic and destroyed everything they came across -Didn’t destroy Savannah because it was too beautiful -After getting to the Atlantic they marched north to SC after still no surrender Appomattox Court House -Lee was still fighting with few soldiers and Grant sent him a message to surrender to save lives -They surrendered in the biggest house in town and Grant was very gracious during it -Grant was a little star-struck Lincolns Reconstriction Plan -General Ambassy (forgiveness) except for high-ranking officers -If 10% of the white men in the states took an oath of elegance the state could write a new state constitution and rejoin the union -Required the abolition of slavery Radical republicans -Republicans had a large amount of power -The” Wade-Davis Bill” included no Confederate unions that could return to power, in the state got. Couldn’t have anyone who rebelled in any way, the Republic Party would establish itself as a strong party in the South, protect former slaves -Lincoln pocket vetoes this, just ignored it Andrew Johnson Reconstriction Plan -VP to Lincoln and became president when Lincoln was assassinated -Oath of allegiance to return to the union -no high-ranking officials or wealthy plantation owners could become citizens -Would have to ratify the 13th to be reinstated -All property taken during the war would be returned, except for the slaves Black Codes -Discriminatory laws keeping AA’s in an inferior position -Couldn’t have slavery but could keep them incredibly low Freedmen's Bureau Bill -A bill Johnson Vetoed -Attempt to give land in the South to freed slaves 14th Amendment -Vetoed this civil rights bill -Gave African Americans citizenship -Johnson encouraged the South to not ratify it but it passed -South argued it didn’t mean African Americans could vote. Reconstriction of Act 1867 -Republicans had a 3/1 majority in the senate -Johnson vetoed but congress overode it -Troops to protect African Americans and enforce laws 1. Divide south into military districts 2.” supervise” new states constitution writing 3. Protect black men's right to vote Tenure of Office Act/Johnson impeachment -Congress passed this act to make it easier to impeach Johnson -Made it so the President couldn’t fire cabinet members without congressional approval -Johnson went to fire Edwin Stanton and many reporters were there so there was evidence -used to impeach Johnson, but he was not removed Election of 1868 -Ulysses S. Grant was a Republican with no political experience but was popular because of the war -Surrounded himself by good advisors -Ran under the “National Union Republican Party” -Wanted to help African Americans -Did not want to treat Confederate leaders harshly 15th Amendment -Gave African American men the right to vote -Congress made this a requirement to rejoin the union -Women thought they be included but they weren’t Sharecropping -Freed slaves would rent farming spots on plantations -Plantation owners loaned out supplies and animals and took advantage of their inability to read -Slaves had to spend all they made on rent and since they still had a loan with the supplies and animals they couldn’t leave legally Ku Klux Klan -Not allowed to be in the open so they wore sheets to conceal their identity -They tried to scare African Americans into what they believed to be their place -Other groups like this existed too Election of 1876/ Rutherford B. Hayes -Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Samuel Tildon (D) -Neither candidate got the majority but Tildon was one vote short -Republicans set up Bipartisan committee ti find election fraud -Decided there was fraud in SC, LA, and FL and gave those votes to Hayes who then won Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) Booker T. Washington's views on segregation (Accommodationists; Atlanta Compromise Adress) W.E.B Dubois’ views that disagreed with Washington

The Passover Mentioned In The Bible And The Christmas That Catholics and Protestants Celebrate

The Schism between Catholics and Orthodox

AP European History Ultimate Guide Siggson Edition

The parable encouraages Catholics in today's society to be like the coin that is found by attending reconciliation so that we may return from sin. In addition, the woman is an example that shows us how we should love and forgive those who do wrong against us rather than hate and disregard them.

Usa, 1919-41 Refers To The Period In American History From 1919 To 1941, Characterized By Significant Economic, Social, And Political Changes. Wall Street Crash The Catastrophic Stock Market Crash That Occurred In 1929, Leading To The Great Depression In The United States And Worldwide. New Deal Refers To The Series Of Programs And Policies Implemented By President Franklin D. Roosevelt In Response To The Great Depression To Stimulate Economic Recovery And Provide Relief To Americans. League Of Nations An International Organization Established After World War I To Promote Peace And Cooperation Among Countries, But Failed To Prevent Aggression And Conflicts. Isolationism Refers To The Foreign Policy Approach Adopted By The United States After World War I, Characterized By Avoiding Entanglement In Foreign Affairs And Focusing On Domestic Issues. Economic Boom The Period Of Rapid Economic Growth, Expansion Of Industries, Increased Consumer Spending, And Overall Prosperity Experienced In The 1920s In The United States. Stock Market A Platform Where Shares Of Publicly Traded Companies Are Bought And Sold, Playing A Significant Role In The Economy And Investment Activities. Great Depression The Severe Economic Downturn That Began With The Wall Street Crash In 1929 And Lasted Throughout The 1930s, Leading To High Unemployment, Poverty, And Economic Hardship. Raw Materials Basic Materials Used In Industrial Production, Such As Coal, Oil, And Cotton, Essential For Manufacturing And Economic Development. First World War A Global Conflict That Took Place From 1914 To 1918, Involving Many Of The World'S Great Powers. Us System Of Government Refers To The Federal System In The United States Where Individual States Have Certain Powers While The Federal Government Handles National Affairs. Constitution The Foundational Document That Outlines The Structure Of The Government And The Rights Of Its Citizens In The United States. Supreme Court The Highest Court In The United States, Responsible For Interpreting The Constitution And Ensuring The Legality Of Government Actions. Republicans One Of The Two Major Political Parties In The United States, Known For Their Beliefs In Laissez-Faire Economics, Protective Tariffs, And Low Taxation. Democrats The Other Major Political Party In The United States, Often More Willing To Intervene In Everyday Life And Support Higher Taxation For Social Programs. Trusts Large Corporations That Dominated Industries In The United States During The Early 20th Century. Mass Production A Method Of Producing Goods In Large Quantities, Leading To Lower Costs And Increased Availability To Consumers. Mass Production The Manufacturing Of Goods In Large Quantities Through Techniques Like Assembly Lines, Allowing For Increased Efficiency And Lower Costs. Henry Ford An American Industrialist Who Revolutionized Car Production With The Introduction Of The Moving Assembly Line, Particularly Known For The Model T. Production Line A Method Of Manufacturing Where A Product Moves Through Various Stations, With Each Worker Performing A Specific Task, Leading To Faster Production. Model T A Car Model Produced By Ford Motor Company, Known For Being The First Affordable Automobile, With Over 15 Million Units Produced Between 1908 And 1925. International Harvester Trucks A Company That Produced Trucks, Benefiting From The New Roads And The Growth Of The Truck Industry In The Early 20th Century. Mass Consumption The Widespread Purchasing Of Goods By The Public, Essential For Industries Relying On Mass Production To Thrive. Industrial Efficiency Movement A Movement Promoting Efficient Production Methods And Management Practices To Increase Productivity In Industries. Chain Store A Type Of Retail Store That Operates Multiple Locations, Offering The Same Products Across Different Regions, Contributing To The Growth Of Consumerism In The 1920s. Hire Purchase A System Allowing Consumers To Buy Goods On Credit, Paying For Them Over Time, Which Became Popular For Purchasing Items Like Radios And Cars In The 1920s. Over-Production The Situation Where More Goods Are Produced Than Demanded By The Market, Leading To Surpluses And Falling Prices. Declining Exports Reduction In The Amount Of Goods Sold To Other Countries, Often Due To Economic Conditions Or Trade Barriers. New Competitors Emerging Rivals In The Market That Pose A Challenge To Existing Businesses, Often Due To Increased Efficiency Or Lower Costs. Falling Prices Decrease In The Prices Of Goods Or Services, Usually Due To Oversupply Or Reduced Demand. Rural Banks Financial Institutions Located In Rural Areas That Provide Banking Services To Farmers And Residents In The Countryside. Farm Bankruptcies Legal Status Of Being Unable To Pay Debts As A Farmer, Leading To Financial Insolvency And Potential Loss Of Assets. Unemployment The State Of Being Without A Job, Especially When Actively Seeking Work. Herbert Hoover The 31st President Of The United States Who Served From 1929 To 1933. Chicago One Of America'S Biggest Cities In The 1920s, Known For Its Steel, Meat, And Clothing Industries. Roaring Twenties A Term Used To Describe The 1920s In The United States, Characterized By Dynamic Business Growth, Mass Consumption, And Societal Changes. Laissez-Faire An Economic Theory That Advocates Minimal Government Intervention In The Economy. Mass Production The Production Of Large Quantities Of Standardized Products, Often Using Assembly Line Techniques. Prohibition The Nationwide Constitutional Ban On The Production, Importation, Transportation, And Sale Of Alcoholic Beverages In The United States From 1920 To 1933. Jazz Age Refers To The Period In The 1920s Characterized By The Rise Of Jazz Music, New Dances Like The Charleston, And Changing Styles Of Behavior Epitomized By The Flapper Image. Flapper A Term Used To Describe Young Women In The 1920s Who Defied Traditional Norms By Wearing Short Dresses, Makeup, Smoking In Public, And Embracing A More Liberated Lifestyle. Jazz Music A Genre Of Music That Emerged In The Early 20th Century, Characterized By Improvisation, Syncopation, And A Lively Rhythm, Which Became A Symbol Of The Jazz Age In The 1920s. Silent Movies Films Produced Before 1927 That Did Not Have Synchronized Sound, Relying On Visual Storytelling, Music, And Intertitles To Convey The Plot To The Audience. Talkies Refers To Movies With Synchronized Sound, Which Became Popular After The Release Of "The Jazz Singer" In 1927, Marking A Significant Shift In The Film Industry. Hollywood A Neighborhood In Los Angeles That Became The Center Of The American Film Industry, Producing A Large Number Of Movies During The 1920s And Becoming Synonymous With The Glamour Of The Entertainment World. Middle-Class Women In The Usa Before The First World War, Middle-Class Women In The Usa Were Expected To Lead Restricted Lives, Wearing Very Restrictive Clothes, Behaving Politely, Not Wearing Make-Up, Having Strictly Controlled Relationships With Men, Needing A Chaperone When Going Out With A Boyfriend, Refraining From Participating In Sports Or Smoking In Public, And Being Mostly Housewives With Limited Job Opportunities. Flappers Flappers In The 1920s Were Controversial Figures Who Challenged Traditional Norms By Wearing Short Skirts, Bobbed Hair, Daring Clothes, Makeup, And Engaging In Public Behaviors Like Smoking, Drinking, Driving Cars Without A Chaperone, And Kissing In Public. Immigration The Act Of Individuals Moving Into A Country To Settle There Permanently. Intolerance Unwillingness To Accept Or Respect Different Opinions Or Beliefs. Racism Prejudice, Discrimination, Or Antagonism Directed Against Someone Of A Different Race Based On The Belief That One'S Own Race Is Superior. Melting Pot A Metaphor For A Society Where Different Cultures And Races Blend Together Harmoniously. Red Scare A Period Of Fear And Hysteria Over The Perceived Threat Of Communism In The United States In The Early 20th Century. Bolshevism A Faction Of The Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Which Eventually Became The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union. Anarchists Individuals Who Believe In The Abolition Of All Government And The Organization Of Society On A Voluntary, Cooperative Basis Without Recourse To Force Or Compulsion. J The First Director Of The Federal Bureau Of Investigation (Fbi) Of The United States. Deportation The Action Of Expelling A Foreigner From A Country, Typically For Having Committed A Crime Or Overstaying A Visa. Sacco And Vanzetti Italian Americans Arrested In 1920 On Suspicion Of Armed Robbery And Murder, Known For Their Anarchist Beliefs And Unjust Conviction. Red Scare Period Of Anti-Communist Hysteria In The United States In The Early 20th Century, Leading To The Persecution Of Individuals With Radical Beliefs. Immigration Quotas System Introduced In 1924 To Limit The Number Of Immigrants Entering The Usa, Favoring Those From North-West Europe And Excluding Asians. Ku Klux Klan White Supremacy Movement Using Violence To Intimidate African Americans, Revived In The Early 20th Century And Influential In The 1920s. Jim Crow Discriminatory Laws And Practices Enforcing Racial Segregation And White Supremacy In The Southern United States, Particularly Targeting African Americans. Lynchings Acts Of Violence, Especially Hanging Without Trial, Carried Out By Mobs Against African Americans, Jews, Catholics, And Immigrants In The Early 20th Century. Strange Fruit Poem Written By Abel Meeropol Inspired By A Lynching Incident, Highlighting The Violence And Racism Faced By African Americans In The Usa. Birth Of A Nation Controversial Film Released In 1915 Glorifying The Ku Klux Klan And Perpetuating Racist Stereotypes, Contributing To The Revival Of The Klan In The Early 20th Century. Lynching The Act Of Murdering Someone By Extrajudicial Mob Action, Particularly Prevalent Against African Americans In The Early 20th Century. Harlem Renaissance A Cultural Movement In The 1920s Centered In Harlem, New York, Where African American Artists, Musicians, And Writers Flourished. Naacp National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People, Founded By W.E.B. Dubois In 1919 To Fight Against Racial Segregation Laws And Lynching. Marcus Garvey Founder Of The Universal Negro Improvement Association (Unia) And Advocate For African Americans To Be Proud Of Their Race And To Establish Their Own Businesses. Civil Rights Movement Efforts By African Americans To Gain Equal Rights And End Racial Discrimination, Including Legal Segregation And Lynching, In The United States. Native Americans The Original Settlers Of The North American Continent Who Faced A Significant Decline In Population And Were Forced To Move To Reservations During The Rapid Expansion Of The Usa In The Nineteenth Century. Reservations Designated Areas Where Native Americans Were Relocated To Live, Often In The Midwest, After Being Displaced From Their Traditional Lands. Merriam Report A Report From 1928 That Proposed Widespread Improvements To The Laws Relating To Native Americans, Leading To Reforms Under Roosevelt'S New Deal In 1934. Monkey Trial A Trial In The 1920s That Centered Around The Teaching Of Evolution In Schools, Highlighting The Clash Between Urban Beliefs In Evolution And Rural Fundamentalist Beliefs. Fundamentalists People, Particularly Strong In The 'Bible Belt' States, Who Held Literal Interpretations Of The Bible And Opposed The Teaching Of Evolution In Schools. Prohibition The Nationwide Ban On The Manufacture, Sale, And Transportation Of Alcohol In The Usa, Enforced By The Eighteenth Amendment To The Constitution In January 1920. Prohibition The Period From 1920 To 1933 In The United States When The Production, Sale, And Transportation Of Alcoholic Beverages Were Banned. Bootleggers Individuals Who Illegally Produced, Transported, Or Sold Alcohol During The Prohibition Era. Speakeasies Illegal Bars Or Establishments Where Alcoholic Beverages Were Sold And Consumed During Prohibition. Corruption The Dishonest Or Unethical Behavior, Especially Involving Bribery, That Was Prevalent Among Law Enforcement Officers And Officials During The Prohibition Era. Gangsters Criminals Who Profited From The Sale Of Illegal Alcohol During The Prohibition Era, Often Associated With Organized Crime And Violence. Prohibition The Nationwide Ban On The Manufacture, Sale, And Transportation Of Alcoholic Beverages In The United States From 1920 To 1933. Al Capone Infamous Chicago Gangster Boss During The Prohibition Era, Known For His Violent Reign And Control Over Illegal Activities In The City. Bootlegger Individuals Who Illegally Produced, Smuggled, Or Sold Alcoholic Beverages During The Prohibition Era. Speakeasies Illicit Establishments That Sold Alcoholic Beverages During The Prohibition Era, Often Hidden From Authorities And Requiring A Password For Entry. St A 1929 Gangland Murder In Chicago Where Seven Members Of Bugsy Moran'S Gang Were Killed By Al Capone'S Men In A Brutal And Public Manner. George Remus A Prominent Bootlegger During The Prohibition Era Who Amassed Wealth Through Illegal Alcohol Sales And Corrupt Practices. Organized Crime Criminal Activities Carried Out By Groups With A Formal Structure, Often Involving Illegal Businesses Like Bootlegging, Gambling, And Prostitution. Corruption Dishonest Or Fraudulent Conduct By Those In Power, Often Seen In Law Enforcement, Government Officials, And Politicians During The Prohibition Era. Franklin D The Democrat President Who Was Elected In 1932 And Played A Key Role In The Repeal Of Prohibition In December 1933. Wall Street Crash The Collapse Of The American Stock Market In 1929, Leading To A Severe Economic Depression. Speculation A Form Of Gambling Where Individuals Buy And Sell Shares Quickly To Make A Profit, Without Intending To Hold Onto The Shares For Long. Stock Market A Platform Where Shares Of Companies Are Bought And Sold, Such As Wall Street In The United States. Shareholders Investors Who Own A Share In A Company, Entitling Them To A Portion Of The Company'S Profits. Herbert Hoover The Republican President Of The United States During The Wall Street Crash And The Subsequent Great Depression. Depression A Prolonged Period Of Economic Downturn Characterized By High Unemployment, Low Consumer Spending, And A Decrease In Industrial Production. Roosevelt Refers To Franklin D. Roosevelt, Who Won The 1932 Presidential Election Following The Wall Street Crash And Implemented The New Deal To Address The Economic Crisis. Margin Buying Shares On Margin Means Putting Down Only A Percentage Of The Cash Needed To Buy Shares And Borrowing The Rest. Petticoat Line Nickname For Women Speculators Who Owned Over 50% Of The Pennsylvania Railroad During The Stock Market Boom. Bank Speculation Banks Getting Involved In Speculation By Lending Large Sums Of Money For Stock Market Investments, Contributing To The Market'S Instability.

AP European History Ultimate Guide

AP European History Ultimate Guide (copy)

AP European History Ultimate Guide (copy)

AP European History Ultimate Guide (copy) (copy)

Catholics in America, CST, Vatican II

AP European History Ultimate Guide (copy)

AP European History Ultimate Guide (copy)

AP European History Ultimate Guide (copy)