Should we accept our culture's values? - Exam 3

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Genera: Postmodernism – after modernism, reaction to modernism, bleed into popular music.is a late 20thcentury movement in philosophy, art, and culture that questions established norms, embraces pluralism, and often rejects the idea of objective truth Pendercki – graphic scores, microtones, extended technique Cage – Conceptual art Glass – Minimalism Pop(ular)- made to sell, simple and easy. Edison invents sound recording, frank Sinatra in jazz Blues- originated among African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s. Blues is party music, sad songs. Country- largely from the British (Irish) tradition, Appalachia called “Hillbilly” – oral tradition. Made into pop, appellation mountains. From Ireland. Rock and Roll – fast and organic, Baby Boomers R&B and Country mix Bill Hayley and the Comets Elvis Presley - debatably greatest selling artist of all time Soul- rhythm and blues with gospel singing. musical representation of the Civil Rights Movement R&B + Gospel, Ray Charles, James Brown – Cells becomes Funk, becomes Hip Hop, seeking end segregation. Folk- (music of the people) like country long unwritten tradition), social activism. Bob dylan Rock- music is a genre of popular music characterized by strong beats, electric guitar-driven sound, and a cultural emphasis on rebellion and self-expression. Disco- pop in 70’s, whole bunch of money it does go to gay club. Edm, influences pop music. Punk – united by nihilism- no value in anything, reaction corporate in the 70’s Rap- dance halls of Jamaica influenced by disco, Jamaica making up lyrics, 70’s house parties. Alternative- 90’s, alternative to modern music, to pop, rock hits. Nouns: Penderecki - Polish composer, noted for his highly individual orchestration Cage- concept composition Glass- minimalist composition Frank Sinatra- pop singer, jazz? Miles Davis- trumpet jazz composer best album Baby Boomers- born after world war 2 Elvis- selling artist of all time, started then helped James Brown- soul Bob Dylan- folk Beatles- influential group, introduces rock and roll in pop music, psychedelia involved Michael Jackson- king of pop, thriller- greatest album Public Enemy-golden age rap music, politcal Nirvana- 1990s reinvents rock, metal with punk, grunge, alternative Napster- music file-sharing computer service created by American college student Shawn Fanning in 1999. Max Martin- song writer, producer Technical: Social Activism- music for political change Concept Album- story by album, dark side of moon Psychedelia- movement of drugs, philosophy Nihilism- punk philosophy, belief that nothing matters at all Scratching- scratching records like in the video Synthesizer- electronic instruments, 80’s

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📚 FULL REVIEW SHEET: Ethics & Meaning of Life 🏛️ Aristotle’s Ethics (Virtue Ethics) 🔹 The Golden Mean (Virtue = Balance) Aristotle believed that moral virtue is a balance between two extremes: Excess (too much) Deficiency (too little) 👉 Examples: Courage = between cowardice (too little bravery) and recklessness (too much) Generosity = between stinginess and wastefulness ✔ Key idea: Virtue is not one-size-fits-all—it depends on the situation and requires judgment. 🔹 Habits & Character We are not born virtuous Virtue is developed through practice and repetition “We are what we repeatedly do” 👉 If you act honestly repeatedly → you become an honest person ✔ This is why habits are central to Aristotle’s ethics 🔹 Instrumental vs Intrinsic Goods Instrumental goods = useful for achieving something else (ex: money, tools, education) Intrinsic goods = valuable in themselves (ex: happiness) 🔹 Happiness (Eudaimonia) Aristotle’s ultimate goal: eudaimonia (flourishing) Not just pleasure → a life of reason and virtue ✔ Happiness = Living morally Using reason well Achieving your full potential ⚖️ Kant’s Ethics (Deontology) 🔹 Core Idea: Duty Over Consequences Immanuel Kant believed: Morality is about doing your duty NOT about outcomes or happiness 🔹 Maxims A maxim = your personal rule for acting 👉 Example: “It’s okay to lie when it helps me” 🔹 Categorical Imperative The most important rule: 👉 Only act on maxims you would want to become universal laws Ask yourself: “What if everyone did this?” ✔ If it creates a contradiction → it’s immoral 🔹 Treat People as Ends Another version: Never treat people as means only Always treat them as ends (valuable individuals) 🔗 Free Will & Determinism 🔹 Determinism All events are caused by previous events Your actions are the result of: Biology Environment Past experiences 🔹 Hard Determinism No free will exists Everything is predetermined 🔹 Soft Determinism (Compatibilism) Free will can exist with determinism You are free if you act without coercion 🔹 Libertarianism (Free Will Theory) Humans have true freedom We are not fully determined 🔹 Beliefs, Desires & Freedom Actions come from: What you believe What you want 👉 Debate: If these are determined → are we really free? 🔹 Coercion When someone is forced by external pressure 👉 Examples: Threats (gunpoint) Blackmail ✔ Coerced actions = not fully free 🔹 Free Will & Moral Responsibility We can only be held responsible if: We had control We acted freely 🧠 Existentialism & Meaning 🔹 Jean-Paul Sartre Key Idea: 👉 “Existence precedes essence” You are NOT born with a purpose You create yourself through choices 🔹 Human Nature No fixed human nature Humans are radically free 🔹 Anguish Deep anxiety from: Total freedom Total responsibility 👉 You are responsible for everything you choose 🔹 Meaning of Life No built-in meaning You must create meaning yourself 🪨 Sisyphus 🔹 Sisyphus Punished by rolling a rock uphill forever The rock always rolls back down 👉 Represents: Meaningless or repetitive life Human struggle ✔ Often used in existentialism: Even in absurdity → we can create meaning ✝️ Arguments for the Existence of God 🔹 Ontological Argument (A Priori) Anselm of Canterbury Based on logic alone God = “greatest possible being” If God exists in the mind → must exist in reality ✔ No observation needed 🔹 Design Argument (Teleological) William Paley World is complex and ordered Like a watch → implies a watchmaker 👉 Therefore → God exists 🔹 The Problem of Evil If God is: All-powerful All-good 👉 Why does evil exist? ✔ Challenges belief in God 🔬 Scientism & Naturalism 🔹 Scientism Only science gives true knowledge 🔹 Naturalism Everything is explained by natural causes No supernatural explanations 🔹 Impact on Free Will If everything is scientific → maybe free will is an illusion 😊 John Stuart Mill & Utilitarianism 🔹 John Stuart Mill Focus: maximize happiness 🔹 Higher vs Lower Pleasures Higher Pleasures: Intellectual (reading, thinking, learning) Lower Pleasures: Physical (eating, comfort) ✔ Key idea: 👉 “Better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied”

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