Studied by 5 PeopleTags & Description
Being other-oriented
Seek to understand what others actually think and feel
Why learn about interpersonal comm and diversity
Helps us grow our awareness of cultural differences and similarities to be more respectful, and eliminate discrimination and stereotypes that cause people to prejudice others
Culture
Learned system of knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms shared in a group
Co-culture
Distinct culture within larger culture
Enculturation
Learning culture you were born into
Acculturation
Learning culture that you weren’t born into
Group norms
Rules or guidelines that reflect expectations of how group members should act and interact
High vs Low context
Cultures that rely on nonverbals and assumptions (high) vs using explicit, direct verbal codes (low)
Individualism
Personal goals are valued more than the group’s goals
Collectivism
Group goals are valued more than personal goals
Power distance
Centralized structure (large distance) vs decentralized and equal distribution (small distance)
Chronemics
cultural attitudes towards time
Long-term orientation
Emphasis on the future; values perseverance
Short-term orientation
Emphasis on present and past; values tradition
Monochronic orientation
Time is highly valued
Polychronic orientation
Time is fluid and relationship-based
Uncertainty avoidance
Tolerance for uncertainty (low) vs avoid uncertainty (high)
Feminine Culture
Value fluidity and emotional expression
Masculine Culture
Value assertiveness, power, and control; traditional gender norms
Universality
Absolute rules, beliefs, or notions of morality
Cultural relativity
Belief that behavior can only be judged in a cultural context
The Contact Hypothesis
Increased contact with people of different backgrounds increases their positive regard and decreases stereotyping
Sex
Biologically based differences that determine whether one is male or female
Gender
Socially learned and reinforced characteristics that include one’s biological sex and psychological characteristics
Sexual orientation
Part of a person’s identity as it relates to who they are attracted to
Gender identity
How a person identifies according to their gender
Race
Group of people with a common cultural history, nationality, or geographical location, as well as genetically transmitted physical attributes
Ethnicity
Social classification based on nationality, religion, language, and ancestral heritage, shared by a group of people who also share a common geographical origin
Age and generational differences
Various generations tend to view life differently because of the cultural and historical events they have experienced in their lives
Social class
Perception of a person’s perceived status influence, authority, and power, based on economic, educational, and family history
Intercultural communication
Communication between or among people who have different cultural traditions
Culture shock
Feelings of stress and anxiety a person experiences when encountering a culture different from his or her own
Ethnocentrism
Belief that your cultural traditions and assumptions are superior to those of others
Stereotypes
To place a person or group of persons into an inflexible, all-encompassing category
Assuming similarities
Focusing on superficial factors such as appearance, clothing, or other categories can lead to false impressions because of a self-focused perspective instead of an other-oriented one
Assuming differences
Communication effectiveness is diminished when we assume we’re all different from one another in every aspect
Third culture
Common group established when people from separate cultures create a third, “new” more comprehensive and inclusive culture
Social decentering
Consciously thinking about another’s thoughts and feelings
Empathy
Responding emotionally to another’s feelings
Communication accommodation theory
Theory that all people adapt their behaviors to others to some extent
Hearing
Physiological process of decoding sounds
Listening
Process of selecting, attending to, creating meaning from, remembering, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages
Selecting
Process of choosing one sound while sorting through various sounds competing for your attention
Attending
Process of focusing on a particular sound or messages
Understanding
Process of assigning meaning to sounds
Remembering
Process of recalling information
Responding
Process of confirming your understanding of a message
Relational listening style
Those who prefer to focus on the emotions and feelings communicated verbally and nonverbally by others
Analytical listening style
Those who withhold judgment, listen to all sides of an issue, and wait until they hear the facts before reaching a conclusion
Critical listening style
Those who prefer to listen for the facts and evidence to support key ideas and an underlying logic; they also listen for errors, inconsistencies, and discrepancies
Task-oriented listening style
Those who look at the overall structure of the message just to see what action needs to be taken; they also like efficient, clear, and brief messages
Benefits of understanding your listening style
You can better adapt to how you listen to others, determine if you have multiple preferred listening styles, adapt style to achieve your listening goal, better understand cultural and gender influences, and adapt what you say to others
Barriers to listening
Being self-absorbed, unchecked emotions, criticizing speaker, speech rate differs from thought rate, information overload, and external noise
Ambush listener
Person who is overly critical and judgmental when listening to others
Listener apprehension
Fear of misunderstanding, misinterpreting, or being unable to adjust to the spoken messages of others
Conversational narcissism
People who are only focused on their own agenda
Selective listening
Listening for what we want to hear
Becoming a better informational listener
Stop (remain in the present), look at the person, listen without interrupting, determine listening goal, transform barriers into goals, summarize major ideas, actively listen
Confirmation bias
Tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s existing beliefs or theories
Becoming a better critical listener
Assess information quality, appropriateness, value, importance, and separate facts from inferences
Possible
Something can/could have happened
Probable
Something likely happened
Certain
Something definitely happened (with facts)
Become a better empathic listener
Empathize and socially decenter
Sympathy
Acknowledgment of someone else’s feelings
Social support
Encompasses verbal and nonverbal assistance, comfort, or advice we give to others or seek and receive during difficult times
Informational support
Give advice or information
Instrumental support
Tangible aid (help with physical tasks)
Appraisal support
Help with reframing a situation
Esteem support
Build their self-esteem
Emotional support
Express care and concern
Network support
Connect person to someone or something else that can help
Enacted support
Support we actually receive
Perceived support
Support we think we can get if we need it
Solution messages
Communication that helps resolve or de-escalate a situation
Confirmation skills
Skills that effectively and appropriately confirm others and their feelings
Confirming response
Statement that causes another person to value himself or herself more
Disconfirming response
Statement that causes another person to value himself or herself less
Direct acknowledgement
Responding directly to something another person says to you to acknowledge that the person is worth responding to
Agreement about judgements
Confirm someone’s evaluation of something to affirm their sense of taste and judgment
Supportive response
Expressing reassurance and understanding to confirm a person’s right to their feelings
Words are symbols
Words that represent something else, such as a thought, concept or object
Referents
The thing that a symbol represents
High-shared meaning
The meaning for a word is sometimes shared between you and another person