Chapter 4: Body Systems and Related Conditions

homeostasis

condition in which all of the body’s systems are balanced and are working at their best

metabolism

physical and chemical processes

Systems in the human body

integumentary (skin), musculoskeletal, nervous, circulatory or cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal or digestive, endocrine, reproductive, immune and lymphatic

anterior or ventral

front of body or body part

posterior or dorsal

back of the body or body part

superior

toward the head

inferior

away from the head

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

to the side, away from the midline of the body

proximal

closer to the torso

distal

farther away from the torso

Sense organ

Feels hot, cold, pressure, pain, touch, tells the brain what it is feeling

dilate

widen

constrict

narrow

normal changes of aging

-skin is thinner, drier, and more fragile and more easily damaged

• skin is less elastic

• protective fatty tissue is lost, causing person to feel colder

• hair thins and may turn gray

• wrinkles and brown spots appear

• nails are harder and more brittle

• dry, itchy skin due to lack of oil

atrophy

muscle wastes away, decreases in size, and becomes weak

contracture

muscle or tendon shortens, becomes inflexible, and “freezes” in position

normal changes of aging to the musculoskeletal system

• muscles weaken and lose tone

• body movement slows

• bones lose density, becomes more brittle making them more suseptible to breaks

• joints may stiffen and become painful

• height is gradually lost

arthritis

inflammation or swelling of the joints, causing stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility. Result from aging, injury or autoimmune illness

autoimmune illness

body’s immune system to attack normal tissues in the body

rheumatoid arthritis

joints become red, swollen, and very painful, movement eventually becomes restricted. Symptoms- fever, fatigue, and weight loss

osteoarthritis degenerative joint disease (DJD)

occurs with aging or as a result of joint injury, hips and knees usually affected. pain and stiffness increase in cold, damp weather

Arthritis treatment:

• anti-inflammatory medication such as aspirin or ibuprofen, as well as other medication

• application of heat

• range of motion exercise

• regular exercise and/or activity routine

• diet to reduce weight or maintain strength

Osteoporosis

bones lose density, becomes porous and brittle

Partial weight bearing

resident is able to support some body weight on one or both legs

Non-weight bearing

Resident is unable to touch the floor or support any weight on one or both legs

Full weight bearing

both legs can bear 100% of body weight on a step

Hemiplegia

paralysis on one side of the body

hemiparesis

weakness on one side of the body

expressive aphasia

trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing

Receptive aphasia

Difficulty understanding spoken or written words

Emotional lability

inapropriate or unprovoked emotional responses, including laughing, crying, and anger

Dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

Parkinson’s Disease

Progressive, incurable disease causing a section of the brain to degenerate and stiffens muscles. Causes stooped posture and shuffling gait

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Progressive disease that affects the central nervous system, myelin sheath breaks down over time preventing nerves to send messages

Paraplegia

loss of function in the lower body and legs

Quadriplegia

loss of function in the legs, trunk, and arms

Hypertension

high blood pressure

Atherosclerosis

hardening or narrowing of the blood vessels

Diruretics

medications that reduce fluids in the body and increase the need to urinate

Coronary artery disease

when blood vessels in the coronary arteries narrow, can lead to heart attack or stroke

Angina

Heart muscle that is not getting enough oxygen causing chest pain, pressure, or discomfort

Myocardial infarction or heart attack

When blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, oxygen and nutrients fail to reach the cell in that area

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

When one or both sides of the heart stop pumping blood properly

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

disease which the legs, feet, arms, or hands do not have enough blood circulation

Respiration

body taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, involves breathing inspiration and expiration

Bronchitits

irritation and inflammation of the lining of the bronchi

Emphysema

chronic lung disease that usually results from cigarette smoking

Urinary incontinence

inability to control the bladder, leading to involuntary loss of urine

Urinary tract infection

A bacterial infection of the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney

Digestion

the process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells

Absorption

the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells

Elimination

process of expelling wastes that are not absorbed into the cells

Constipation

Inability to eliminate stool or infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of hard, dry, stool

Enema

specific amount of water, with or without an additive, that is introduced into the colon to eliminate stool

Fecal impaction

Hard stool that is stuck in the rectum and cannot be expelled

Hemorroids

enlarged veins in the rectum

Diarrhea

Frequent elimination of liquid or semiliquid feces

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Chronic condition in which liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus

Ostomy

surgical creation of an opening from an area inside the body to the outside

Stoma

Artificial opening in the abdomen to bring out intestine out of the body

Glands

Organs that produce and secrete hormones

Hormones

Chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions

Diabetes

When the pancreas produces no insulin, too little insulin, or does not properly use insulin

Insulin

Hormone that works to move glucose from the blood and into the cells for energy for the body

Type 1 diabetes

usually diagnosed in children and young adults. Pancreas either produces no insulin or too little insulin. Managed with daily injections of insulin ot an insulin pump and a special diet

Type 2 diabetes

most common form of diabetes. Either body does not produce enough insulin or body fails to properly use insulin, known as insulin resistance. Usually develops slowly

Prediabetes

when a person’s blood glucose levels are above normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes

Gestational diabetes

Pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but have high glucose levels during pregnancy

Gonad

Male and female sex glands

Vaginitis

inflammation in the vagina. May be caused by hormonal changes after menopuase, bacteria, or fungus

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Disorder where prostate becomes enlarged and causes pressure on the urethra. Pressure leads to frequent urination, dribbling of urine, and difficulty in starting the flow of urine

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Attacks the body’s immune system, gradually weakening and disabling it

Tumor

group of abnormally growing cells