NAI Test 2 Module H Body Systems

Benign tumor

a non-life-threatening, non-cancerous tumor that does not spread to other body parts

Cell Theory

basic unit of all living tissues or organisms, all living organisms made of cells, and cellular function is essential process of living things

Cells

are building blocks of the human body and when combined, are said to form tissue

Chemotherapy (Chemo)

A medical treatment that uses medication given orally or intravenously to kill cancer cells

Connective Tissue

Tissue that anchors, connects, and supports other tissues; located in every part of the body; bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage; blood is a form of connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

tissue that covers internal and external body surfaces; lines nose, mouth, respiratory tract, stomach, and intestines; skin, hair, nails, and glands

Malignant Tumor

a cancerous tumor that invades and destroys nearby tissues and can spread to other parts of the body

Metastasis

when a cancer spread to other parts of the body by breaking off and travelling to other parts of the body

Muscle Tissue

tissue that stretches and contracts to let the body move

Neoplasia

benign or malignant tumor

Nerve tissue

tissue that receives and carries impulses to the brain

Organ

made of tissue, may be several different types of tissue that carry on a special function, and combine to form a system

Organelle

carry on work of cell

Organism

made up of systems functioning together to perform activities of daily living that are needed for continued life

Orthostatic hypotension

abnormal low blood pressure occurring when the resident suddenly stands up; resident complains of weakness, faintness, dizziness, and seeing spots

Radiation

a medical treatment that kills cancer cells using X-ray beams aimed at the tumor, or radioactive material implanted at or near the tumor

System

made of groups of several organs functioning together for a specific purpose or purposes

Tissue

cells grouped together to carry out a particular activity or function; when grouped together, tissues become organs.

Tumor

growth of abnormal cells which may be benign or malignant

Avoidable pressure injury

one that develops from improper use of the nursing process

Bedfast

confined to bed

Bony Prominences

areas of the body where bone is close to the skin, such as elbows, shoulder blades, sacrum

Deep Tissue Pressure Injury

purple or deep red localized area of discolored intact skin or blood-filled blister; usually due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear

Dermatitis

inflammation of skin

Dermis

layer of skin under the epidermis

Eczema

red, itchy areas on the surface of skin

Epidermis

outer layer of skin

Friction

rubbing of one surface against another; skin is dragged across a surface

Integumentary system

the skin; the largest organ and system in the body, responsible for providing a natural protective covering of the body

Pressure injury (pressure ulcer)

any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure that results in damage to underlying tissues

Pressure injury stage 1

intact skin; redness over bony prominence

Pressure injury stage 2

skin loss (partial-thickness); may see a blister or shallow reddish-pink ulcer; the blister may be intact or open

Pressure injury stage 3

skin loss (full-thickness); skin gone; may see subcutaneous fat; slough (dead soft tissue, often moist and varies in color - white, yellow, green, or tan) may be present; could be attached or stringy loose

Pressure injury stage 4

full-thickness skin and tissue loss with muscle, tendon, and bone exposure; slough and eschar (thick, leathery dead tissue that may be loose or attached to skin); often black or brown

Shear

when layers of skin rub up against each other; or it could be when skin remains in place, but tissues underneath move and stretch causing damage to capillaries and blood vessels

Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

a disease caused by a virus, most common in people over 50, with signs that include a rash or blisters on one side of the body, burning pain, numbness, and itching

Stasis Dermatitis

a skin condition affecting lower legs and ankles that occurs from a buildup of fluid under the skin and causes problems with circulation

The 30^o lateral position

position of a resident when the bed is not raised more than 30^o and pillows are placed under the head, shoulder, and leg to lift the hip at about a 30^o angle to avoid pressure on the hip

Unavoidable pressure injury

a pressure injury occurs despite efforts to prevent one through proper use of the nursing process

Unstageable pressure injury

full-thickness tissue loss with injury covered by slough and/or eschar

Abduction

moving a body part away from midline

Adduction

moving a body part toward the midline

Amputation

removal of all or part of a limb because of a disease or an accident

Arthritis

inflammation or swelling of the joints causing stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility

Ball-and-socket joint

a joint that allows movement in all directions, made up of the rounded end of one bone fitted into the hollow end of another bone, for example, the hip and the shoulder.

Bone Marrow

soft and spongy tissue located in the inside part of the bone

Bones

hard and rigid structures that make up the skeleton and together form the framework of the body

Cardiac Muscle

striated, involuntary muscle of the heart

Cartilage

connective tissue that cushions bones at the joints and keeps them from rubbing together

Closed fracture

a broken bone that does not break the skin

Contracture

permanent shortening of muscles resulting in immovable joints

Dorsiflexion

bending the toes and foot upward at the ankle

Extension

straightening a body part

External rotation

turning the joint outward

Flexion

bending a body part

Fracture

break in the bone caused by an accident or osteoporosis

Hinge joint

a joint that allows movement in one direction, for example, the elbow and knee

Hip fracture

a serious condition involving a break in the hip bone due to an accidental fall or a fall from weakened bones

Internal rotation

turning the joint inward

Involuntary muscle

a muscle that works automatically and cannot be controlled

Joints

the point where bones meet, made up of connective tissue called cartilage that cushions bones and keeps them from rubbing together during movement.

ligaments

connects bone to bone

Muscle atrophy

the wasting away of a muscle due to disuse, causing a decrease in size and increase in weakness of the muscle

Muscle Strain

damage of the muscle caused by trauma

Muscles

structure of the body that powers movement of skeleton and helps body stay erect

Musculoskeletal system

system of the body that provides structure and movement for the body

Open fracture (compound fracture)

a broken bone that breaks through the skin

Opposition

touching the thumb to a finger of the same hand

Osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease affecting the elderly and may occur with aging or joint injury, usually involving weight-bearing hips and knees

Osteoporosis

loss of bone density causing bones to become porous and brittle, resulting in bones breaking easily

Phantom Pain

pain experienced in the area that a body part has been amputated possibly due to damaged nerve endings

Phantom sensation

the feeling that an amputated body part is still there

Pivot joint

a joint that allows turning from side to side, for example, the skull connected to the spine

Plantar Flexion

bending the foot downward at the ankle

Pronation

turning downward

Prosthesis

device that replaces body part that is missing or deformed

Rheumatoid Arthritis

systemic, crippling disease-causing deformities, with stiff, painful, swollen joints

Skeletal muscle

striated voluntary muscles attached to the bones that powers movement of the skeleton

Smooth muscle

involuntary muscle of the inner linings of organs, such as the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and others

Sprain

stretched or torn ligaments or tendons

Supination

Turning upward

Synovial membrane

lining of the joints that secretes synovial fluid that acts as lubricant allowing joints to move smoothly

Tendons

connect muscle to bone

Total Knee Replacement (TKP)

surgical replacement of the knee with a prosthesis performed to relieve pain and restore mobility, damaged by arthritis or injury

Voluntary muscle

a muscle that can be controlled

Brain

located in the skull and consists of three parts - cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brainstem

Brainstem

part of the brain that controls breathing, opening, and closing of blood vessels, heartrate, swallowing, gagging, and coughing

Central nervous system (CNS)

one of the two divisions of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord