Respiratory Disorders and Clinical Care Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering respiratory pathophysiology, pulmonary diseases including COPD, pneumonia, and pneumothorax, and related clinical diagnostic terms based on the lecture notes.

Pneumonia

An umbrella term for an infection of the lung parenchyma caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, resulting in various manifestations and infiltration of pathogens.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

Pneumonia acquired in a community setting (not a hospital) and diagnosed less than $48\,hr$ after admission.

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)

Also called nosocomial pneumonia; acquired in a hospital setting at least $48\,hr$ after admission.

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Pneumonia acquired $48\,hr$ postendotracheal tube intubation.

Lobar Pneumonia

A type of pneumonia where consolidation involves the entire lobe of the lung.

Bronchopneumonia

Inflammation in the lungs that is settled around the bronchi and not localized to a single lobe.

Typical Pneumonia

A classification of pneumonia often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, which exists naturally in the upper respiratory tract.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

An atypical bacterial cause of CAP that occurs commonly in children and young adults.

Pleuritic Chest Pain

A pulmonary manifestation of pneumonia characterized by sharp pain during breathing.

Tactile Fremitus

A physical examination finding in pneumonia involving vibrations felt on the chest wall.

Leukocytosis

An increase in white blood cell count, often a common finding resulting from a systemic inflammatory response.

Empyema

A possible complication of pneumonia involving the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity.

Bronchospasm

The narrowing of the bronchi in response to a stimulus, often caused by inflammation, edema, and excess mucus production.

Mucosal Edema

Obstruction of the airway due to inflammation reducing the diameter of the airway.

Pneumothorax

A condition where air enters the pleural space between the lung and chest wall, causing part or all of the lung to collapse.

Open Pneumothorax

A traumatic pneumothorax caused by an open wound in the chest (sucking chest wound) that allows air to pass freely into the thoracic cavity.

Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (PSP)

A pneumothorax occurring without contributing conditions, often in tall, thin young males due to the rupture of asymptomatic bullae or blebs.

Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (SSP)

A pneumothorax that occurs because of an underlying pulmonary disease, most commonly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Bleb

A blister-like structure on the surface of the lung that, when ruptured, creates an opening for air to move into the pleural space.

Iatrogenic Pneumothorax

A type of traumatic pneumothorax that occurs as a result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

Tension Pneumothorax

A condition where air enters the chest cavity and becomes trapped, unable to be expelled, leading to increased central venous pressure and potential hypotension.

Subpleural Blebs

Structures that occur on the lungs and can rupture into the pleural cavity; cigarette and cannabis smoking are risk factors for their development.

E-FAST

Extended focused abdominal sonography for trauma, a diagnostic tool used to identify pneumothorax in trauma situations.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A preventable and treatable respiratory condition characterized by persistent respiratory manifestations and airflow limitation caused by noxious gas or particle exposure.

Chronic Bronchitis

A type of COPD characterized by a productive cough lasting at least three months in two consecutive years, accompanied by mucus overproduction.

Emphysema

A structural change in COPD involving permanent enlargement and destruction of the alveoli and airspaces.

Acinus

The collective term for the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, ducts, and alveoli affected by emphysema.

Hoover's Sign

A physical finding in advanced COPD involving the drawing in of the lower ribs during inhalation.

Spirometry

The cornerstone diagnostic evaluation for COPD used to determine the severity of airflow limitation before and after bronchodilator administration.

CAPTURE Questionnaire

A screening tool (Assessment in Primary care To identify Undiagnosed Respiratory disease and Exacerbation risk) used to identify clients at risk for COPD.

Proximal Acinar Emphysema

Also known as centrilobular emphysema; involves abnormal dilation of the respiratory bronchiole and is associated with smoking and coal miner pneumoconiosis.

Panacinar Emphysema

Acinus destruction or enlargement commonly associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Distal Acinar Emphysema

A type of emphysema affecting the alveolar ducts, commonly associated with spontaneous pneumothorax when occurring alone.

Pulmonary Edema

The abnormal buildup of fluid in the interstitial spaces and alveoli, often life-threatening and associated with heart failure or lung injury.

Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

Pulmonary edema caused by elevated hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries, usually resulting from left ventricular dysfunction.

Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

Pulmonary edema resulting from increased permeability of the pulmonary endothelium due to direct or indirect lung injury, occurring without elevated cardiac pressures.

Starling Forces

The forces (interstitial hydraulic and oncotic pressures) governing fluid balance between the pulmonary vascular bed and the interstitium.

Flash Pulmonary Edema

A rapid development of pulmonary edema, often resulting in pink frothy sputum and acute hypoxemia.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

A condition where the airway partially or completely collapses during sleep, leading to breathing pauses of at least $10\,seconds$ and oxygen desaturation.

Retrognathia

A short mandible, which is a craniofacial abnormality that can narrow the upper airway and increase the risk of OSA.

Polysomnography (PSG)

The gold standard diagnostic test for OSA, conducted overnight in a sleep lab to measure EEG, EMG, $SaO_2$, and ECG.

Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI)

A score representing the total number of obstructive hypopneas and apneas during each hour of sleep.

Hemothorax

The accumulation of blood in the pleural space between the visceral and parietal pleura.

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

The resistance against blood flow from the pulmonary artery to the left atrium, which increases during a hemothorax.

Tube Thoracostomy

A procedure using a tube (typically size $28$ to $32$ French for hemothorax) to remove fluid, air, or blood from the pleural space.

Semi-Fowler’s Position

A position where the client is seated in bed with a straight spine at an angle between $35^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$ to enhance lung expansion.

Asthma

A chronic respiratory condition of the lower respiratory tract characterized by airway inflammation, constriction, and episodes of wheezing and dyspnea.

Status Asthmaticus

A life-threatening, rapid-onset severe asthma episode characterized by hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and potential respiratory failure.

Diffusion

A passive process where solutes move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration across a membrane (e.g., oxygen moving from alveoli to blood).

Active Transport

The movement of solutes against their concentration gradient, which requires energy in the form of $ATP$.