PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION

Staking-out

driving of stakes for batter boards to locate the corners and foundations of a building for excavation .

Stakes

are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or supports of the batter boards.

Strings

are either plastic cords or galvanized wires strung across batter boards and used to indicate the outline of the building wall and foundation

BATTER BOARDS

horizontal boards • establishes height of the footing trenches and foundations • establishes height of finish floor levels

LEVELING

• done with a line level or carpenter’s level, or with a transit • height of the batter boards may be level with or a little higher that the top of the finished foundation.

Batter Boards

wood sticks or boards nailed horizontally at the stake which serve as the horizontal plane where the reference point of the building measurements are established.

Spirit Level

an instrument or tool capable of vertical and horizontal line check.

Plumb Bob

a weight attached to a string, used for vertical line check

Plastic Hose Filled With Water

a method of leveling horizontally batter boards without transit.

3-4-5 Multiples With the Use of Steel Tape Measure

a manual method of squaring the corners of building lines in staking.

Formwork

used to shape and support fresh concrete until cured and able to support itself.

Shoring

- temporary supports designed to carry forms for beams and slabs.

PLYWOOD FORMS.

forms that is used where a smooth surface is required • should be waterproof, Grade “A” and at least ½” thick.

STEEL FORMS

forms that may be in the form of pans joist construction or steel for concrete decking corrugated steel or for concrete slabs and slab-and-joist construction

Phenolic resin or phenol-formaldehyde resin

is a thermosetting, waterproof, low-cost, mold-resistant, high strength synthetic resin made from phenol and formaldehyde;

Lumber Forms and Shoring

partially seasoned and to some extent slightly wet in order to prevent swelling and distortion of the forms;

crude oil and petroline

are used in forms to prevent concrete from adhering to the wood and preserve the forms against damage by alternate wetting and drying

• wire ties or bolts and rods

s are used to hold wall forms together; rods are preferred and should be arranged that upon removal of the forms, no metal shall be within one inch of any surface;

waterproof Grade “A” , and at least ½” thick .

• plywood forms used where a smooth surface is required; should be __________________________________________

WOOD FORMWORKS

Reusable forms may have a square or rectangular cross section

YOKES

are clamping devices for keeping column forms and tops of wall forms from spreading under the fluid pressure of newly placed concrete

SPREADERS

usually of wood, space and keep the wall or forms apart

SNAP TIES

have notches or crimps that allow their ends to be snapped off below the concrete surface after stripping off the forms

SHE BOLTS

consist of waler rods that are inserted through the form and threaded onto the ends of an inner rod. After stripping, the waler rods are removed for reuse while the inner rod remains in the concrete

Scaffolds

s are temporary platforms designed to support workers and materials on the face of a structure and to provide access to work areas above the ground.

Hand Tools

are the tools that use power delivered by man only.

Power Tools

are those that employ power supplied by forces other than that coming from humans.

Equipment

is a term that refers to large, complex tools and machines that is designed to do a particular job.

. Heavy Equipment

is equipment which is very large and very powerful.

pry bar

is used to force open boards used in forming concrete

Folding rule

and tape measure are the most common tools for measuring boards, pipe, wire, etc.

Digital rule

e is used to measure relatively long distances such as those in highway construction.

Framing square

a layout tool that is used to measure 90degree angles at the corners of framework and joints.

Level

ong, straight tool that contains one or more vials of liquid and used to determine if the horizontal or vertical is exact

Chalk line

or chalk box is used for marking lines.

Claw hammer

ris an ordinary hammer used to drive or remove nails.

Sledgehammer

is a heavy hammer used to drive stakes into the ground and to break up concrete and stone.

Standard screwdriver

has a flat tip and is designed to fit a standard slotted screw.

Phillips screwdriver

has an X-shaped tip and is used to turn Phillips-head screws only

Spiral ratchet screwdrive

is that which relies on a pushing force rather than a twisting force.

Ripsaw

has chisel-like teeth designed for ripping or cutting with the grain of wood.

Crosscut saw

is used to cut across the grain of wood.

Backsaw

is a special type of handsaw that has a very thin blade and makes very straight cuts such as those on trims and mouldings.

Hacksaw

is used to cut metals

Wood chisel

is used to trim wood and clear away excess material from wood joints.

Cold chisel

is used to trim metals

Nail set

is used to drive finishing nails below the surface of a wooden trim or molding.

. Pipe wrench

is used to turn round objects like pipes

Brick trowel

is used to place and trim mortar between bricks or concrete blocks.

Bull float

t is used to smoothen out the surface of wet concrete.

Blind riveter

used to fasten pieces of sheet metal together.

Power drill

is used to drill holes in wood, metal and concrete.

Power screwdriver

or screwgun is used to install and remove screws.

Radial arm saw

w is used for crosscutting wood and consists of a motor-driven saw blade that is hung on an arm over a table.

Table saw

is used for cutting large sheets of wood and wood composites and consists of a blade mounted on an electric motor beneath a table-like surface.

Portable circular saw

is used for cutting materials that are difficult to cut with stationary tools

Power miter saw

a circular saw mounted over a small table used to cut various angles in wood.

Saber saw

used to cut curves or holes in floors and roofs for pipes and has a small knifeshaped blade that moves up and down.

Pneumatic hammer

or jackhammer is used to break up concrete or asphalt paving

Rotary hammer

like an electric drill that operates with both rotating and reciprocating actions and is used to drill holes in concrete.

Nailers or guns

fasten materials together by shooting nails into the building material.

Powder-actuated stud driver

kind of nailer that is powered by gunpowder and is used to drive long pins into wood, steel or concrete.

Staplers

are like nailers but are loaded with ushaped staples instead of nails for fastening.

Conveyor

s an equipment which moves materials other than fluids.

Transit

is an equipment used by surveyors to measure horizontal and vertical angles to obtain land elevation.

Surveyor’s level

is that which is used to determine an unidentified elevation from a known one.

Construction laser

flashes a narrow, accurate beam of light to make a baseline for additional measurements and is used as a level or as an alignment tool.

Water pump

s used to pump water out of holes in the ground so that construction work can commence.

Concrete pump

used to move concrete from the concrete mixer to the concrete form.

Concrete Mixer (Cement Mixer)

A machine that mixes concrete ingredients by means of a rotating drum.

Arc welding machine

is used to weld materials by melting portions of the metal.

. Laser-powered welder

is used to weld material by employing a laser to heat the metal.

Bulldozer

is a tractor with a pushing blade which moves earth and clears land of bushes and trees.

Cranes

are machines that lift large and heavy materials.

Crawler crane

is a crane mounted on metal treads so that it can move over rough terrain.

Truck crane

is mounted on a truck frame so that it can be driven in the site.

Tower crane

or climbing crane is used in the construction of tall building because it has a built-in jack that raises the crane from floor to floor as the building is constructed.

Excavator

is a machine used for digging or scooping earth from a place and depositing it in another

Backhoe

is used for general digging which is usually mounted on either a crawler or truck frame.

Trencher

is a special kind which digs trenches or long, narrow ditches for pipelines or cables.

Front-end loader

is a large shoveling machine that can scoop or deposit a large amount of material.

Scrape

is a machine that loads, hauls and dumps soil over medium to long distances.

Grader

is an earthworking machine that grades or levels the ground.

Compactor or roller

is a machine that compacts soil to prepare for road paving.

Paver

is a machine that places, spreads and finishes concrete or asphalt paving material.

Superstructure

the portion of the building above the ground.

Substructure

the habitable portion of the building found below the ground.

Foundation

the structural portion of the building that transfer the buildings load into the soil.

Slab on Fill

slab which rests on ground and not suspended.

Crawl Space

in a building without a basement, an unfinished accessible space below the first floor which is usually less than a full story height.

Basement

the lower story of a building, either partly or entirely below grade.

Foundation bed

the natural material on which the construction rests

Foundation walls

that part of the building foundation which forms the permanent retaining wall of the structure below grade

Foundation piers/columns

piers/columns below grade, to distinguish them from similar construction above grade

Grade Beam

that part of a foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure and bears directly on the column footing.

Footing courses

- lower portions of walls, piers or columns which are spread to provide a safe base

Decayed rock (rotten rock)

Sand, clays and other materials resulting from the disintegration of rock masses, lacking the coherent qualities but occupying the space formerly occupied by the original rock.

Loose rock

Rock masses detached from the ledge of which they originally formed a part.

Grave

Detached rock particles, generally water-worn, rounded and intermediate in size between sand particles and boulders.

Boulders

Detached rock masses larger than gravel, generally rounded and worn as a result of having been transported by water a considerable distance from the ledges of which they originally formed a part.