Human Anatomy Final Review

Anatomy

the study of the structure of the body

Physiology

The study of body function

Homeostasis

Tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements

Positive feedback loop

Mechanisms by which a deviation in a variable form its set point moves conditions farther away from the normal state

Positive feedback example

Blood clotting and childbirth

Negative feedback loop

Mechanisms by which a deviation in a variable from its set point is corrected

Negative feedback example

Homeostatic mechanisms

Level of organization (simple to most complex)

Chemicals—\> organelles—\> cells—\> tissues—\> organs—\> organ systems—\> organisms

Saggital plane

Longitudinal section that divides the body into right and left portions

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Section that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Anatomical position

Body erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides with palms forward

Cardiovascular system

Distributes oxygen and nutrients into the body cells, and transports waste away from them

Nervous system

Transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs

endocrine system

Releases hormones into the bloodstream and regulates the release of hormones

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or another referenced body part

Distal

Further from the point of attachment to trunk or another referenced body part

Medial

Closer to the midline of the body

Lateral

Toward the side, away from the midline

Superficial

Near the surface, outward

Deep

More internal

Abduction

Moving away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Moving toward the midline of the body

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two body parts

Extension

Increasing the angle between two body parts

Cranial cavity contains the \___

Brain

Vertebral cavity contains the \___

Spinal cord

Thoracic cavity contains the \___

Heart, lungs, mediastinum

Abdominal cavity contains the __

Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of intestines

Pelvic cavity contains the __

End of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

Synthesis reaction

When two or more reactants combine to form a more complex substance

Exchange reaction

Cations and anions that were partners in the reactants are interchanged in the products

Decomposition reaction

A more complex substance is broken down into two or more smaller substances

Hydrolysis reaction

One molecule breaks apart to form multiple smaller molecules

What is waters main function for the body

Regulate body temperature

What are enzymes

Type of protein in the body

What is the main function of enzymes

Act as a catalyst to bring about specific biochemical reactions

Acids

Any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance

Base

Molecule or ion able to accept a hydrogen ion from an acid

Buffer

Solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components

Carbohydrates function

Provide energy

Lipid function

Fats used to store energy and insulate cells

Protein function

Build and repair cells

Nucleic acid function

Store and transmit genetic material

How is ATP used

Consumed for energy for ion transporting of different molecules across cell membranes

Is ATP required for osmosis?

No

Is ATP required for diffusion?

No

Is ATP required for facilitated diffusion?

Yes

What cell structure is most in charge on maintaining homeostasis?

Cell membrane

Function of the mitochondria in a cell

Generating ATP by utilizing energy in the body

Active transport

Process of moving molecules across a cellular membrane through the use of cellular energy

Nerve cell function

Receive and send messages from the cell body to the brain and back to the body

Tissue

Group of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit

Four main types of tissue

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

Functions of the skin

Protection, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, and healing of wounds

A in the ABCD rule

Asymmetry: when one half does not match the other half

B in the ABCD rule

Border: when edges are irregular

C in the ABCD rule

Color: when the color varies throughout

D in the ABCD rule

Diameter: bigger than a pencils eraser

Four types of body membranes

mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial

3 epithelial membranes

cutaneous, mucous, serous

Connective membrane

synovial

Serous membrane

Lines cavities that do not open to the outside

Mucous membrane

Line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body

Cutaneous membrane

The skin

Synovial membrane

Lines joints and are composed entirely of connective tissue

Epidermis

Outermost layer of skin

Dermis

Inner layer of skin

subcutaneous

under the skin

Functions of the skeletal system

Provide shape, protect, storage, blood cell production, and allows movement

Axial skeleton

skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage

appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

Ossification

Natural process of bone formation

Factors that affect bone growth

Nutrition, hormonal secretions, and physical exercise

Function of cartilage in the joints

Provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient

Growth plate function

The bones growth in length

Osteoporosis

Body constantly absorbs bone and cannot keep up with the bone replacement

Osteomalacia

Softening of the bones

Scoliosis

sideways curvature of the spine

Arthritis

painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints.

What movement does a ball and socket joint allow

Widest range of motion, movement in all planes (multidirectional)

Muscular system function

Movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production

Cause of soreness after excersise

Oxygen is used to produce ATP for muscle contraction rather than the lactic acid conversion back to glucose

What does ATP stand for

adenosine triphosphate

Where does the energy for muscle activity come from

ATP

Muscle atrophy

Decrease is muscle size and strength due to disuse

Origin

Less moveable end of a skeletal muscle

Insertion

More moveable end of a skeletal muscle

Motor unit components

Anterior horn cell, axon, myelin, neuromuscular junction, and muscle fibers

voluntary or involuntary: cardiac muscle

involuntary

voluntary or involuntary: smooth muscle

involuntary

voluntary or involuntary: skeletal muscle

voluntary

path of food through the body

mouth—\> pharynx—\> esophagus—\> stomach—\>SI—\> LI—\> rectum—\> anus

Saliva function

Moistened and dissolves food particles

Large intestine function

Reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food

Pancreas function

Produces and secrete pancreatic juice

Liver function

Produces bile

Functions of the urinary system

filters salt and wastes from the blood, helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water, regulates pH and body fluid volume, and helps control red blood cell production and blood pressur

normal components of urine

Urea, uric acid, and creatine

Gastro-

Stomach