Human Anatomy Final Review

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 2 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Get a hint
Hint

Anatomy

Get a hint
Hint

the study of the structure of the body

Get a hint
Hint

Physiology

Get a hint
Hint

The study of body function

Card Sorting

1/117

Anonymous user
Anonymous user
flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

118 Terms

1
New cards

Anatomy

the study of the structure of the body

2
New cards

Physiology

The study of body function

3
New cards

Homeostasis

Tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements

4
New cards

Positive feedback loop

Mechanisms by which a deviation in a variable form its set point moves conditions farther away from the normal state

5
New cards

Positive feedback example

Blood clotting and childbirth

6
New cards

Negative feedback loop

Mechanisms by which a deviation in a variable from its set point is corrected

7
New cards

Negative feedback example

Homeostatic mechanisms

8
New cards

Level of organization (simple to most complex)

Chemicals—> organelles—> cells—> tissues—> organs—> organ systems—> organisms

9
New cards

Saggital plane

Longitudinal section that divides the body into right and left portions

10
New cards

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Section that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

11
New cards

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

12
New cards

Anatomical position

Body erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides with palms forward

13
New cards

Cardiovascular system

Distributes oxygen and nutrients into the body cells, and transports waste away from them

14
New cards

Nervous system

Transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs

15
New cards

endocrine system

Releases hormones into the bloodstream and regulates the release of hormones

16
New cards

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or another referenced body part

17
New cards

Distal

Further from the point of attachment to trunk or another referenced body part

18
New cards

Medial

Closer to the midline of the body

19
New cards

Lateral

Toward the side, away from the midline

20
New cards

Superficial

Near the surface, outward

21
New cards

Deep

More internal

22
New cards

Abduction

Moving away from the midline of the body

23
New cards

Adduction

Moving toward the midline of the body

24
New cards

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two body parts

25
New cards

Extension

Increasing the angle between two body parts

26
New cards

Cranial cavity contains the ___

Brain

27
New cards

Vertebral cavity contains the ___

Spinal cord

28
New cards

Thoracic cavity contains the ___

Heart, lungs, mediastinum

29
New cards

Abdominal cavity contains the __

Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of intestines

30
New cards

Pelvic cavity contains the __

End of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

31
New cards

Synthesis reaction

When two or more reactants combine to form a more complex substance

32
New cards

Exchange reaction

Cations and anions that were partners in the reactants are interchanged in the products

33
New cards

Decomposition reaction

A more complex substance is broken down into two or more smaller substances

34
New cards

Hydrolysis reaction

One molecule breaks apart to form multiple smaller molecules

35
New cards

What is waters main function for the body

Regulate body temperature

36
New cards

What are enzymes

Type of protein in the body

37
New cards

What is the main function of enzymes

Act as a catalyst to bring about specific biochemical reactions

38
New cards

Acids

Any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance

39
New cards

Base

Molecule or ion able to accept a hydrogen ion from an acid

40
New cards

Buffer

Solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components

41
New cards

Carbohydrates function

Provide energy

42
New cards

Lipid function

Fats used to store energy and insulate cells

43
New cards

Protein function

Build and repair cells

44
New cards

Nucleic acid function

Store and transmit genetic material

45
New cards

How is ATP used

Consumed for energy for ion transporting of different molecules across cell membranes

46
New cards

Is ATP required for osmosis?

No

47
New cards

Is ATP required for diffusion?

No

48
New cards

Is ATP required for facilitated diffusion?

Yes

49
New cards

What cell structure is most in charge on maintaining homeostasis?

Cell membrane

50
New cards

Function of the mitochondria in a cell

Generating ATP by utilizing energy in the body

51
New cards

Active transport

Process of moving molecules across a cellular membrane through the use of cellular energy

52
New cards

Nerve cell function

Receive and send messages from the cell body to the brain and back to the body

53
New cards

Tissue

Group of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit

54
New cards

Four main types of tissue

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

55
New cards

Functions of the skin

Protection, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, and healing of wounds

56
New cards

A in the ABCD rule

Asymmetry: when one half does not match the other half

57
New cards

B in the ABCD rule

Border: when edges are irregular

58
New cards

C in the ABCD rule

Color: when the color varies throughout

59
New cards

D in the ABCD rule

Diameter: bigger than a pencils eraser

60
New cards

Four types of body membranes

mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial

61
New cards

3 epithelial membranes

cutaneous, mucous, serous

62
New cards

Connective membrane

synovial

63
New cards

Serous membrane

Lines cavities that do not open to the outside

64
New cards

Mucous membrane

Line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body

65
New cards

Cutaneous membrane

The skin

66
New cards

Synovial membrane

Lines joints and are composed entirely of connective tissue

67
New cards

Epidermis

Outermost layer of skin

68
New cards

Dermis

Inner layer of skin

69
New cards

subcutaneous

under the skin

70
New cards

Functions of the skeletal system

Provide shape, protect, storage, blood cell production, and allows movement

71
New cards

Axial skeleton

skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage

72
New cards

appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

73
New cards

Ossification

Natural process of bone formation

74
New cards

Factors that affect bone growth

Nutrition, hormonal secretions, and physical exercise

75
New cards

Function of cartilage in the joints

Provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient

76
New cards

Growth plate function

The bones growth in length

77
New cards

Osteoporosis

Body constantly absorbs bone and cannot keep up with the bone replacement

78
New cards

Osteomalacia

Softening of the bones

79
New cards

Scoliosis

sideways curvature of the spine

80
New cards

Arthritis

painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints.

81
New cards

What movement does a ball and socket joint allow

Widest range of motion, movement in all planes (multidirectional)

82
New cards

Muscular system function

Movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production

83
New cards

Cause of soreness after excersise

Oxygen is used to produce ATP for muscle contraction rather than the lactic acid conversion back to glucose

84
New cards

What does ATP stand for

adenosine triphosphate

85
New cards

Where does the energy for muscle activity come from

ATP

86
New cards

Muscle atrophy

Decrease is muscle size and strength due to disuse

87
New cards

Origin

Less moveable end of a skeletal muscle

88
New cards

Insertion

More moveable end of a skeletal muscle

89
New cards

Motor unit components

Anterior horn cell, axon, myelin, neuromuscular junction, and muscle fibers

90
New cards

voluntary or involuntary: cardiac muscle

involuntary

91
New cards

voluntary or involuntary: smooth muscle

involuntary

92
New cards

voluntary or involuntary: skeletal muscle

voluntary

93
New cards

path of food through the body

mouth—> pharynx—> esophagus—> stomach—>SI—> LI—> rectum—> anus

94
New cards

Saliva function

Moistened and dissolves food particles

95
New cards

Large intestine function

Reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food

96
New cards

Pancreas function

Produces and secrete pancreatic juice

97
New cards

Liver function

Produces bile

98
New cards

Functions of the urinary system

filters salt and wastes from the blood, helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water, regulates pH and body fluid volume, and helps control red blood cell production and blood pressur

99
New cards

normal components of urine

Urea, uric acid, and creatine

100
New cards

Gastro-

Stomach