Geography - Hazardous Earth glossary (Edexcel B )

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54 Terms

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Asthenosphere

Semi-molten layer at the top of the mantle that flows due to convection currents, moving the solid lithosphere above

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Atmospheric circulation

General movements of air around the Earth due to pressure and temperature

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Climate change

Distinct change in global or regional patterns of climate, such as changes in temperature or precipitation patterns

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Conservative plate boundary

Plate boundary where two plates are moving alongside each other

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Continental crust

Thicker, less dense crust that makes up the continents

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Convection current

Movement of a fluid caused by a difference in temperature or density

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Convergent plate boundary

Plate boundary where two plates are moving towards each other

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Coriolis Effect

Effect of the Earth's rotation on wind movements

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Cyclone

Tropical cyclone that hits Oceania or Madagascar

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Divergent plate boundary

Plate boundary where two plates are moving away from each other

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Eccentricity

Changing of the orbit of the Earth around the Sun from a circular shape to an ellipse

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Eye

Area of a tropical cyclone with extremely low pressure and calm conditions

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Eyewall

Area of a tropical cyclone with the most intense, powerful winds and torrential rain

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Ferrel Cell

Moist air rises at around 60° either side of the equator and travels to lower latitudes at around 30° where it sinks, along with air travelling from the equator

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Fossil fuels

Fuels made up of the remains of organic material, such as oil, coal and gas

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Geological hazard

Hazard caused by processes on the land

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Greenhouse Gases

Gases in the Earth's atmosphere that trap energy in the Earth's system and contribute to the greenhouse effect (carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour and nitrous oxides)

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Hadley Cell

Hot moist air rises at the equator, moves to higher latitudes (30°) and sinks

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Hazard risk

Probability that a natural hazard will negatively affect a population

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Hotspot

Area where unusually hot magma breaks through the middle of a plate and travels up to the surface, creating a volcano

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Hurricane

Tropical cyclone that hits the USA, Latin America or the Caribbean

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Ice core

Cylinder of ice extracted from an ice sheet or glacier, used to analyze past environmental conditions

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Immediate responses

Actions taken as soon as the hazard happens and in its immediate aftermath (hours, days, and potentially a week or so after the event)

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Inner core

Solid ball of iron/nickel at the Earth's center, providing Earth's internal energy through radioactive decay

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Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

Area surrounding the equator where global winds converge, causing an area of low pressure with rainy conditions

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Lithosphere

Solid rock that lies on top of the asthenosphere. The top of the lithosphere is the crust, which is broken up into tectonic plates

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Long-term responses

Actions taken after the immediate responses when the effects of the hazard have been minimized (weeks, months, and years after the event)

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Magma

Molten rock found beneath the Earth's surface

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Mantle

Area underneath the crust which contains magma

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Milankovitch Cycles

Cyclical variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun

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Natural hazard

Naturally occurring event that is a threat to a population

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Obliquity (or axial tilt)

Tilt of the Earth's axis, which changes from 21.5° and 24.5°

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Ocean currents

Predictable, continuous circulation of ocean water which transfers heat around the globe

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Oceanic crust

Thinner, denser crust that makes up the ocean floor

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Outer core

Molten layer of iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core and transfers energy by convection currents

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Plate boundary

Point at which two plates meet

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Polar Cell

Moist air rises at 60° north or south of the equator and travels to the poles (90°), where it sinks

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Precession

'Wobble' of the Earth's axis

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Pressure belt

Region of the Earth which is generally under the same pressure

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Primary effects

Effects that are directly caused by the hazard itself

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Quaternary Period

Geological time period that started 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present

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Richter scale

Logarithmic scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes

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Secondary effects

Effects that are a result of the primary effects

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Storm surge

Rise in sea level caused when a tropical cyclone pushes a large amount of sea water onto the shore

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Subduction

Process that occurs at a destructive plate boundary when a plate is pushed below another plate, forcing it to sink into the asthenosphere

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Tectonic hazard

Natural hazard caused by the physical processes and movements of tectonic plates

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Tectonic plates

Large slabs of the Earth's crust that sit and move on top of the liquid mantle

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The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

Process where the Earth's surface is heated by the greenhouse effect at a higher rate due to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities

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The Greenhouse Effect

Natural process where greenhouse gases trap the energy from the Sun inside the Earth's atmosphere, warming the Earth's surface

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Track

Typical pathway that a tropical cyclone takes which is driven by global wind circulation

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Tree rings

Ring in a tree trunk that grows annually, indicating the conditions in the year it grew

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Tropical cyclone

Very large, spinning storm with high winds and torrential rain that forms in the tropics

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Tsunami

Large wave caused by a large amount of water being displaced when plates move

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Typhoon

Tropical cyclone that hits India, Japan or the Philippines