Applied Kinesiology: Kinematics, Planes, Axes, Joints, and Muscle Physiology (Chapter 1)

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering planes/axes, joint classifications, kinematics, and introductory musculoskeletal physiology based on the provided notes.

Kinetics

Forces that produce or resist movement.

Kinematics

Movement of bodies without regard to forces that produce motion.

Osteokinematics

Movement of bones around a joint axis.

Arthrokinematics

Movement of joint surfaces relative to each other.

Anatomic Position

Standard reference posture (upright, facing forward, arms at sides with palms forward).

Frontal Plane

Plane that divides the body anterior-posterior; movements include abduction and adduction.

Sagittal Plane

Plane that divides the body left-right; movements include flexion and extension.

Transverse Plane

Plane that divides the body top-bottom; movements include rotation.

X-Axis (Medial-Lateral)

Horizontal axis running side-to-side; perpendicular to the sagittal plane.

Y-Axis (Superior-Inferior)

Vertical axis running up-down; perpendicular to the transverse plane.

Z-Axis (Anterior-Posterior)

Axis running front-to-back; perpendicular to the frontal plane.

Center of Gravity (CoG)

Average location of the weight of an object; moves with body position.

Flexion

Decreasing the angle at a joint; bending. Sagittal x axis

Extension

Increasing the angle at a joint; straightening. Sagittal x axis

Hyperextension

Extension beyond the normal anatomical position. Sagittal x axis

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body. Frontal z axis

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body. Frontal z axis

Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation)

Rotation toward the midline of the body. Transverse y axis

Lateral Rotation (External Rotation)

Rotation away from the midline of the body. Transverse y axis

Supination

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly (upward in anatomical position). Transverse y axis

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly (downward in anatomical position). Transverse y axis

Dorsiflexion

Upward movement of the foot at the ankle (toes toward shin). Sagittal x plane

Plantarflexion

Downward movement of the foot at the ankle (tiptoe). Sagittal x axis

Ulnar Deviation

Movement of the hand toward the pinky side (ulna side). Frontal z axis

Radial Deviation

Movement of the hand toward the thumb side (radius side). Frontal z axis

Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation)

Rotation toward the midline around the bone’s axis. Transverse y axis

Lateral Rotation (External Rotation)

Rotation away from the midline around the bone’s axis. Transverse y axis

Uniaxial Joints

Joints with one degree of freedom (DOF); e.g., hinge and pivot joints.

Hinge Joint (Ginglymus)

Uniaxial joint allowing motion in one plane (flexion/extension).

Pivot Joint (Trochoid)

Uniaxial joint allowing rotation around one axis.

Ellipsoidal Joint

Biaxial joint with two DOF; examples include the wrist (radiocarpal).

Condyloid Joint

Biaxial joint with movement in two planes without rotation; e.g., MCP joints.

Saddle Joint

Biaxial joint with saddle-shaped surfaces; example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

Plane (Gliding) Joint

Nonaxial joint with sliding movement between articular surfaces; e.g., intercarpal joints.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Triaxial joint with three DOF; examples: shoulder and hip.

Diarthrosis (Synovial Joint)

Freely movable joint contained within an articular cavity.

Synarthrosis

Immovable joint with little or no movement and no articular cavity.

Syndesmosis

Fibrous joint with limited movement (interosseous). Example: tibiofibular articulation.

Suture

Fibrous joint between skull bones; generally immovable.

Amphiarthrosis

Cartilaginous joint with limited mobility; no DOF.

Symphysis Pubis

Cartilaginous amphiarthrodial joint between the pubic bones.

Intervertebral Joints

Cartilaginous joints between vertebrae with limited movement.

Joint Capsule

Fibrous envelope surrounding a diarthrodial joint.

Articular Disc (Meniscus)

Fibrocartilage structure that improves congruency in some joints.

Synovial Membrane

Membrane lining the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid.

Ligaments

Fibrous bands stabilizing joints, connecting bone to bone.

Cartilage (Types)

Tissue covering articular surfaces: hyaline (articular), fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage.

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction between tissues in joints.

Cartilage: Hyaline

Articular cartilage; glassy, smooth surface in joints.

Cartilage: Fibrocartilage

Tough cartilage found in discs and menisci providing cushion.

Cartilage: Elastic

Cartilage with more elasticity found in ears and epiglottis.

Nonaxial Joints

Plane joints with no true axis of rotation.

Uniaxial Joints

Joints with one DOF (e.g., elbow, interphalangeal joints).

Bursae

Small sacs of synovial fluid reducing friction in joints.

End-Feel

Sensation at the end of ROM indicating tissue characteristics useable in assessment.

• Hard (bones stop motion)

• Soft (soft tissue stops motion)

• Firm (joint capsules/ligaments stop motion)

• Empty (ligament stops motion)

Goniometry

Measurement of joint ROM using a goniometer; can be active or passive.

Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

Maximum independent axes of motion available to a joint (usually up to 3).