italy b4

obstacle to italian unification the french and austrians

• french troops still remained in rome meaning it hindered the national physce and abilitly to fully unified

• austria had lost lombardy, so they didnt want to loose venetia as well. they still maintained a large army and were diplomatically more powerful

obstacle to italian unification the death of cavour and poltical weakness

• june 1861 cavour dies of malaria

• italy had been formed hastfully and many were upset by this, but without the poltical sucessful of cavour to contuine his legacy it was up to someone else who were not up to the same standards of him

• ricasoli, rattazzi, farini, mingehetti and la mora

• all ministers suffered from weak parlimentary dicpline and a lack of support as well as bad relationship with the king

• mazzini and other republicans upset that power was in the hands of the king and the nobles

• mazzini described italy as a sham as government was unrepresentie as only 2% of the population could vote

obstacle to italian unification the papacy

• the popes temporal power had been destroyed by the new italain state and rissorgemento - 2/3 of his land had also been lost

• this began a period of what was known as fractious cohabitiation as both tried to exert their power in the state

• 1864 syllabus of errors was the churches response to the new italain state - church would retain control over the education system, criticised liberalism

• it came as a bitter below to the new state

• 1869 papal infallibility → popes statements are indisputable and he is spiritually suprme

obstacle to italian unification the southern question

• italy was socially, economically and poltically diverse

• people voted against the tryanny of rules rather than for the cause of unification - but the voting systems at that being extremley corrupt

• nor did many people truely understand what they were overall voting for

• it didnt help that piedmontse politatians themselves had very limited understanding of the way in which the south worked leading to the introduction of polices such as the casti laws in 1859 (primary education) which didnt fit the south - they had long standing regional autonomny

• garabaldi’s conquest of the south had promised reform which would benefit the peasants however this wasnt on the angenda of the piedmontse

obstacle to italian unification piedmontsation

• the government imposed piedmonts system across the whole pensuila

• however the souths distinct features hadmade it unsuitable for unification with piedmont - the legal system changed by 53 decrees in just 2 days in 1861- but the new government wanted standardasation

• it showed an overall ignorance of regional affairs leading to isuffiecent policies and impacts, such as the closing of 2382 monastries which had been fundemental to supporting the poor in the south and the corruption from the mafia

• lack of human and finacal resoruces avaible so there was overall poor administration prevelent in the south

• in lomabardy and modena there was also a feeling of alienation

obstacle to italian unification brigends war

• brigands were bandits who lied in the mountains and forests during the napolenic wars

• collapse of bourbon rule had left a power vaccum

• but also piedmontsation had led to despise of the new government

• in 1861 25000 had fled to the mountais to aviod doing miltary service

• the result was the emergance of a civil war made up of more than 10,000 badly organised exconvicts, borboun soliders etc whom were badly managed and disorganised

• robbed murderd, assisnated

• piedmontse deployed an army of 120,000 to deal with the threat as by 1862 there were 82,000 brigands active

• 1863 there were 90,000 troops active on both sides

• eventually however once the brigand leaders either fled or were caputured the movement fizzled out with one last rebellion in 1866 in sicily

obstacle to italian unification economical and social backwardness

debt and costs

• 2,450 million lire in debt

• maintance of armed forces was required to be ready to sieze rome or venetia

• but needed to modernise

• unpopular taxes were the solution to their money issues → flour and grist tax in 1865 and 1868 (riots to the grist tax led to 250 deaths) it forced many peasants to move to towns which overall reduced living standards

• 60% of state expendture was on deficite

land sales

• 1867 began an act to sell church land with 9 million acres being sold

• in the north, the peasant farmers bought the land but in the south the middle and upper classes did as the elite dominated

agriculture and industry

• 30% of produce was used to debt repayment

• outaded methods that required modernasation - same as the roman empire

• it was difficult to promote industry when there was little natural resoruces such as coal avaible

Transport

• 2,773km of railway

• only the north had suffiecent roads and infastucture

• not having transport links in the south made it both disconnceted from the north but also hindered the growth of its development

garabaldi and venetia

• ‘party action’ who were unconcered by dimplomatic niceties assumed that garabaldi could do the same thing which he did in 1861

• raised money for an attack on vience

• in may 1862 garabaldi and a team of supporters were arrested by the austrain border for an attemepd armed uprsiing and again in 1864

• this upset forgien diplomats and forced intervention from the italian government

italy’s problem with venetia

• piedmont had become unwillingly involvedin nationalism following its take over in1861

• so they were going to have to also finish unification

• italy had to wait until forgien support was avaible to help them and when the relationship between austria and prussia began to decline a common emeney and thus an alliance was formed

• the king wanted war to drive up nationalism whilst mp la mamora wanted to purchase venetia

• in 1865, the prussian minister Bismarck met napolean who promised neutrailitly and in 1866 made a military agreement that if italy supported the war they could have venetia

austro prussian war

• 20th june 1866

• italy had 250,000 men however these numbers were hindered by the inexpreince of the italian staff who were corrupted by bribery

• so bad that only 25% of men ever made it to the front line

• the king took charge - desribed as wholly incompitent making poor descions

• 24th of june battle of cusstozza defete which caused humiliation, similarly in july at the battle of lisa 1450 shells were launched with not one major hit

• the prussians meanwhile were suceeding and began to see the italians as dragging their sucess so they persued peace once their means were fufiled

• since the agreement had not been fufiled venetia had gone to france

• this misrable failure had damaged the presitage of the army and reputation of italy it damaged nationalist feelings

• napolean immeditaley however ceded venetia to italy - plebicites occured only 69 votes agaisnt

• devestation to the national physce as the circumstances of unification were shamefull and showed how italy could not achieve any kind of unification

the importance of rome

• rome was seen as the last piece of the jigsaw in italy

• symbol of forgien interference as they wanted the french out

the french occupation

• napolean had failed to protect the pope in 1860 leading to major catholic backlash which led to french troops staying in rome

• negoations over rome in 1864 whereby the french would leave within 2 years since the pope could raise an army and the italians woudnt attack rome - rome occupation was becoming expesnsive and felt unhappy with such an oppressive regieme when he was a liberal

• italy would also have to move the capital the florence from turin → lead to riots in turin 23 dead

garabaldi action in rome

• gathered 4000 men of his society for the ammanicapation of rome

• piedmont orgianlly turned a blind eye hoping that the french would withdraw but when they didnt the italian government was forced the stop garabaldi

• 29th of august 1862 garabaldi was stopped in the moutain and was shot in the foot

• it was a disaster for garabaldi who wasnt used to be defated or injured it was also hugely embrassing for the government who had wounded and imprisoned a nationalist hero

• in 1867 he took back control of his men to capture rome. he hoped that uprising agaisnt the pope would happen but they failed to

• france sent an army who easily defeted garabadli with their superior weponary. this lead to the french now being back in rome

• garabaldi was wrong on 3 accounts → 1) realise he had to face the french 2) wouldnt allow italain army who would not allow bandits to threaten the pope 3) no popular uprising agaisnt the pope

the Franco prussian war

• outbreak of war between france and prussia in 1870 gave the opportuinty for rome to be seized

• as the french troops were being pulled out of rome it gave the opportuinty for the italian forces to take it

• VEII sent a personal letter to puis ix asking for peaceful entry into the papal states but his reception was unfriendly

• the italian army crossed the papal fronteir on september 11th and advanced slowly towards rome hoping for the negoation of a peaceful entry

• placed the city under siege

• on 20th sepetember they breeched the walls and entered rome 49 italian soliders died and 19 papal

• annexed by 2nd october

• in order to keep the catholics and pope appeased he could keep leonine city, and the law of guarantees ment that the powers of the pope were recognised and £129,000 per annum was to be paid

• the pope however declared himself prisoner of the vatican

factors promoting unity in 1871

the monarchy

• everyone is united under one monarch

• house of savoy family crest is now a symbol of national idenity

  the army

• made up of everyone across the country

• traning all done in one langauge

• fighning for the same causes

  the civil service

• italian language

• same laws everywhere

  local government

• decentrialsation and more concern for regional differences

• helped to ease piedmontisation

factor dividing italy in 1871. social econmical

• poor econmoy of the house due to lack of capital and skilled labour

• collpase of southern industries that couldnt keep up with the north

• high taxastion

• 22% of children died before their first birthday and 50% before their 5th

• led to immagration

factor dividing italy in 1871 papal oppostion

• church was humilated by their loss of temporal power

• although the law gave him his own postal service and a diplomatic status it still wasnt enough

• ‘prisoner in the vatican’

• all major power recogised the italian seizure of rome and sent their repressentives

• there were 2 courts in italy which weakened its poltical unity

• catholics refused often to take part in poltical processes and felt stuck between nationalism and sprituailtly

factor dividing italy in 1871 poltical disunity and irredentism

• only 2.2% of the population could vote and catholics often boycotted

• no party system just the left and the right who came from similar backgrounds

• republicans contuined with their hopeless uprisings — 1870 barsanti a mazzian led an attack on the army barracks in pavia agaisnt the monarchy

• irrendtailism was the movement of unification only with what promoted georgraphical areas

• many wanted to free rome and create a republic

• calls for the return of nice and savoy