2 pharma endo

Q1. Enumerate the lines of treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.

1. Diet control

2. Exercise and weight reduction

3. Anti-diabetic drugs

Q2. Classify insulin preparations with one example for each.

Rapid-acting insulin: Insulin aspart, Insulin glulisine, insulin lispro

➪ Short-acting insulin: Regular insulin

➪ Intermediate-acting insulin: NPH insulin

➪ Long-acting insulin: Insulin glargine

Q3. Indications of insulin therapy.

1. All cases of IDDM (Type 1 DM)

2. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

3. NIDDM (Type 2 DM) unresponsive to diet and oral drugs

4. Stress conditions (e.g. surgery, infection)

5. Pregnancy

Q4. Adverse effects of insulin therapy.

1. Hypoglycemia

2. Hypokalemia

3. Hypersensitivity reactions

4. Lipohypertrophy

5. Insulin resistance and pseudo-resistance

6. Local discomfort or allergy

Q5. Treatment of insulin-induced hypoglycemia.

If patient is conscious:

• Oral sugar (glucose, juice, candy)

If patient is unconscious:

• IV glucose

• OR IV dexamethasone

If IV route is unavailable:

• Glucagon 1 mg SC or IM

• May repeat after 10 minutes if needed