US

sound waves, reflected, real time, function, diagnostic

US is cross sectional imaging method based on _____ that are _____ off soft tissue and tissue interface, _____ US imaging = procedure to evaluate tissue _____ during physical tasks and _____ musculoskeletal US

clarify, quality, effectiveness, formal medical diagnosis, guides, monitors, training

point of care US is used to _____ clinical exam findings, enhance _____ and _____ of treatment, NOT used for _____ but _____ interventions and _____ conditions, additional _____ needed

transducer, linear, curvilinear, longitudinal, matter, pressure cycle, positive, compression, negative, rearefaction

US _____ = contains array of crystals _____ vs _____ to produce different view, US consists of _____ waves transmitted from transducer to body tissue, sound waves represent mechanical forces = require _____ for propagation, wave represents _____, travel away from crystal in _____ oscillation (_____) vs _____ pressure (_____)

reflected, absorbed, thermal

some energy gets _____ to transduce vs some energy _____ by tissue and converted to _____ energy

attenuation, absorption, friction, echogenicity, acoustic, smoothness, increased, angle, decreased

_____ takes places through _____ (result of intermolecular _____), reflection is influenced by _____ (degree), _____ impedance, _____ of reflecting interfaces (smoother = _____), and _____ of reflection (deviation = _____)

refraction, direction, scattering, uneven

_____ = transmission across interface causing change in _____; _____ = reflecting surface _____

fixed, intensity, interface, angle, echogenic, type

tissue does NOT have _____ characteristic signal _____, pattern/intensity is dependent on tissue _____, sound wave _____, _____ characteristics, and tissue _____

hyperechoic, high, bright, hypoechoic, low, dark

_____ = _____ amplitude and _____ image vs _____ = _____ amplitude and _____ image

brightness, longitudinal, long, transverse, tendon, axial

monitor displays intensity of signal returned from tissue, different levels of _____, scanning planes _____ = transducer aligned with _____ axis of muscle vs _____ = transducer applied across ____ = _____ image

echogenicity, interface, adjacent

imaging characteristics are related to their _____ and reflective characteristics of _____ the tissue forms with _____ tissues

bone, dark, returns

US does NOT penetrate _____ (appears _____), bone soft tissue interface _____ all waves

hyperechoic, muscle, thickening, decreased, disruption, hyperechoic, debris, parallel, spotted, angiotropic, angle

tendons are _____ relative to _____, pathology = diffuse _____ and _____ echogenicity (with inflammation), rupture = _____ of fibers (initially filled with _____ hematoma and fibrous _____), display distinct pattern of _____ fibers in longitudinal sonogram (_____ appearance in transverse), tendons and ligaments have _____ properties = light alteration in _____ of transducer can change appearance

hyperechoic, muscle, disruption, hypoechoic, distinct, compact

ligaments are _____ relative to _____, sprains and partial tears display _____ of fiber patterns, sprains may have _____ signal, ligaments have _____ pattern which is more _____ than tendon

hypoechoic, fascia, tendon

muscles are _____ relative to adjacent _____/_____

fluid, hypoechoic, hyperechoic, 2 mm, widening, hypoechoic

bursa contains only miniscule amounts of _____, most often displayed as _____ line between 2+ _____ structures, typical space is no wider than _____, bursitis is _____ of _____ space

hypoechoic, hyperechoic, inhomogenous thickening, thinning

hyaline cartilage is displayed as _____ layer next to _____ cortical bone, pathology = _____ of cartilage or cartilage _____

hyperechoic, bone

fibrocartilage is _____ and can be difficult to distinguish from _____

hypoechoic, tendon, hyperechoic, muscle, striated, speckled, flattening, swelling

nerve tissue is _____ relative to _____ BUT _____ relative to _____, has faint _____ pattern in longitudinal sonogram and _____ in transverse, nerve compression seen as _____ at point of compression or _____ proximal

cost, portable, contraindications, orthogonal, modification, while

US advantages are low ____ and able to be _____, NO _____ (use with hardware), ability to visualize structures not limited by _____ planes, continuous _____ of imaging, palpation/stress testing/resistance _____ imaging

architecture, resistance, structure, degenerative, tears, fiber, stress, septation, debris

US is better for imaging muscle _____ and testing with _____, tendon fiber _____, _____ changes, and longitudinal _____, ligament _____ structure, ability to _____ test, cysts/bursa _____ and _____

joint, intraarticular, cortical outline, air tissue, lung, skewed, expertise

US disadvantages include limited ability to show _____ surface and _____ structures, can only show _____ of bone, does NOT cross _____ interface (_____ fields) = _____ relationships, all based on clinician _____