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IBEC Study Guide Electrolysis
The bacteria killing/inhibiting layer made of sweat and lipids (fat); Built in protective aid, with a pH of 5 to 5.6. Caused by the combined activity of the sweat and sebaceous glands. Perspiration is acidic, as it lies on the skins surface it acts as a bactericide.
Acid Mantle
Also known as: Hypodermis, Subcutis, or subcutaneous layer; Connective tissue in animal bodies that contains fat, it is a layer of fat that provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Adipose Tissue
Glands in the axillae (underarm) and groin (genitals/pubic/triangle region) that secrete sweat and substances that produce body odor when contaminated with bacteria.
Apocrine Glands
A small muscle/appendage attached to hair follicles that causes hair to stand upright when contracted, often referred to as "goosebumps."
Arrector Pili Muscle
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are generated - living layer of dividing cells that continuously change and push upward, consisting of the Stratum Spinosum and Stratum Germinativum.
Basal Zone
The thick layer of skin beneath the epidermis, composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings, providing structural support and housing various skin appendages. Contains the papillary layer and the reticular layer, which contribute to the skin's strength and elasticity.
Dermis
The process of shedding dead skin cells from the outermost layer of the skin, exfoliation.
Desquamation
Sweat glands found throughout the skin, that excrete mainly water and salt.
Eccrine Glands
A translucent/clear intracellular protein found in the stratum lucidum of the skin, involved in the process of keratinization.
Eleidin
Also Known As: Cuticle, Scarf, No Blood, Epithelial Tissue
The thin (0.05-1.5mm) outermost layer of skin, providing a protective barrier and containing several sub-layers, including the stratum corneum and stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum. CLGSG (Come Let’s Get Sunburned, Girls)
Epidermis (CLGSG)
The tissue that forms a thin protective layer on bodily structures.
Epithelial Tissue
The inner side of the follicular canal which is made of horny epidermal tissue.
External Root Sheeth
The depression or indentation in the skin that houses the entire pilosebaceous unit
Follicular Canal
The layer of skin where cells divide
Germinal Zone
The outermost portion of the epidermis
Horny Zone
The skin and its accessory organs, such as the sebaceous and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails
Integumentary System
A protein found in the skin that helps guard against invasion
Keratin
The change of living cells to dead ones
Keratinization
Cells found in the epidermis that warn against the invasion of microorganisms and respond to that invasion; immunologic function. Derived from bone marrow and constitute about 5% of cells within the epidermis.
Langerhans’ Cells
Colorless, watery fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system; similar in composition to blood plasma
Lymph
A skin layer made of the stratum mucosum and stratum germinativum
Malpighian Layer
Nerve endings in the skin that are sensitive to touch
Meissner’s Corpuscles
Grains of pigment that give your hair and skin color
Melanin
Melanin forming cells; dendritic, pigment producing cells located in the basal layer; protect the skin from UV radiation
Melanocytes
cell division; the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
Mitosis
Nerve endings found deep in the skin that are receptive to pressure
Pancinian’s Corpuscles
Cone sharped, finger like projections that protrude into the dermis
Papillae
Lies directly below the epidermis and is made of papillae - elastic collagen and reticular cone-shaped fibers with finger like projections that protrude upward into the epidermis, locking the two layers together. Meissner’s corpuscles, which are tactile nerve ending sensitive to touch, are in this layer.
Papillary Layer
Chemicals produced by humans and other animals that, when secreted, influence other members of the same species
Pheromones
Dermis. There are numerous appendages: arrector pili muscles (goosebumps), blood vessels, fat cells, hair follicles, lymph vessels, nerve endings, sebaceous glands (oil), and sudoriferous glands (sweat). Collagen fibers are thick and densely packed here, elastic fibers are thinner and more loosely arranged here.
Reticular Layer
Source of a new hair; oil glands of the skin connected to hair follicles
Sebaceous Glands
Fatty or oily secretion of the sebaceous gland that lubricates the hair and skin
Sebum
Layers of the tissue that lack blood vessels; acts as a surface barrier
Stratified Epithelium (Epidermis)
Single cell layer that is the deepest layer of the epidermis
Stratum Basale
The outermost layer of the epidermis, consists of dead skin cells which are constantly shed. These cells are predominately bound by sebum, the skin’s natural lubricant.
Stratum Corneum
The lowest layer of the epidermis, where cell division occurs; also known as the innermost layer of the epidermis, or basal layer. Mitosis (cell division) takes place here as new epidermal tissue is formed and begins migrating to the surface of the skin, replacing the dead skin cells that have been shed. This is known as desquamation (act of exfoliation) and takes approx. 28 days (shorter when younger, longer when older). Melanocytes exist in this layer.
Stratum Germinativum
Granular layer of skin found at bottom of the horny zone. The cells here have nuclei and are still living. As these cells are pushed upward by new cells, they lose their nuclei and die. This layer varies in thickness. It is thickest in the palms and soles and thinnest on the eyelids. Persistent friction and pressure cause areas to thicken for protection and form calluses.
Stratum Granulosum
This layer gets its name from the transparent nature of the cells that contain eleidin; a clear substance derived from keratohyalin granules. Found only in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet where the epidermis is thickest. Not found in thin skin (i.e. eyelids).
Stratum Lucidum
Also known as the prickle cell layer because of the cells’ prickly shape. Living cells, each cell is attached to the cells around it by prickly shaped fibers.
Stratum Spinosum
The skins sweat glands
Sudoriferous Glands
An amino acid present in melanocytes
Tyrosine
What are characteristics of herpes virus?
Infections are usually recognizable with their typical group of water blisters or pus pimples in a single area. Extremely contagious, especially type 2.
Which layer of the epidermis is connected to the dermis?
Stratus Germinativum, Basale Layer, Lowest Layer of the Epidermis, Innermost Layer of the Epidermis
Which layer of the dermis is connected to the epidermis?
The Papillary Layer
List the epidermis layers from deep to superficial: CLGSB/G
Germinativum/Basal
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum
What is Mitosis?
Cell Division
What is Keratinization and does it refer to skin or hair?
It refers to the changing of living cells to dead cells in the skin.
What are meissner’s corpuscles and what layer of skin do they exist in?
Nerve endings in the skin that are sensitive to touch; exist in the papillary layer of the dermis
What are different names for the subcutaneous layer and what is it known for?
Adipose Tissue (Fat), Hypodermis, Subcutis; it protects against hits and falls and many of the arteries, veins, and lymphatic circulate through this area
What is the outermost layer of the skin?
The Epidermis (AKA The Scarf, The Cuticle, The Epithelial Tissue (No Blood)
What are the three skin layers (in order from top down)?
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutis
Name the epidermis layers in order from superficial to deep: CLGSB/G
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale/Germinativum
Where are melanocytes found in the skin?
The Basale Layer, AKA Germinativum, the innermost layer of the epidermis or lowest layer of the epidermis
What are the dermis layers in order (top down)?
Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer
Where are the apocrine glands located?
In the axillae (armpits) and genitals
True OR False: Langerhan cells are dendritic cells in the epidermis that have an immunologic function.
TRUE: They fight infection in skin and digest impurities on the skin like pacman
True OR False: Where there is a sebaceous gland, there is always a vellus or terminal hair.
True
What is the bacteria killing layer made up of sweat and fat known as?
Acid Mantle
What is the name for sweat glands found deep in the dermis?
Sudoriferous glands
What sensory function are pacinian corpuscles known for?
Pressure
What is found in greater numbers on the T-Zone?
Sebaceous Glands (Oil Glands)
What is the dermis?
Made of dense connective tissue and divided into two layers called the Papillary Layer and the Reticular Layer. Nerves and blood vessels course though this layer. 1-4mm thick
What are other names for the dermis?
The Living Layer/Tissue, True Skin, Corium, Cutis Vera, Derma, Connective Tissue = Has Blood
What should healthy skin have?
Hair
Epidermis and Dermis (severe sunburn; hot water burn)
2nd Degree Burn
Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous → can be fatal, skin graft may be needed, permanent scarring and possible infection
3rd Degree Burn
A burn that extends through the skin into underlying tissues such as muscle, tendons, and bone, often resulting in severe damage and requiring extensive medical intervention. Rarely see; down to the muscles and bones, normally fatal
4th Degree Burn
Epidermis (superficial burn)
1st Degree Burn
Which type of sweat gland secretes pheromones?
Apocrine Sweat Glands
What are sudoriferous sweat glands?
The sweat glands controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. They are found deep in the dermis and have tubular ducts extending all the way up to the pores of the epidermis. There are two types of sweat glands, (1) eccrine and (2) apocrine.
Define Eccrine Sweat Glands
(Sweet Sweat): They help to regulate body temperature by excreting sweat onto the surface of the skin, from which the cooling process of evaporation takes place. Located all over the body, but in increased numbers on the forehead, palms of hands, and soles of feet. They excrete mainly water with a little salt, urea and other water-soluble substances.
Which disease stores in blood and bodily fluid such as lymph?
Lymph glands produce lymph, which is made of white blood corpuscles and plasma. HIV stores in blood & body fluid, i.e. lymph fluid
What are the 2 main zones of the epidermis?
The Horny Zone: The outer portion of the epidermis, is divided into three layers - Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratus Granulosum. Acts as a barrier against bacterial invasion and water absorption.
The Germinal Zone: Two main layers (Stratum Spinosum/ Stratum Basale/Germinativum) of differing cells make up the germinal or, as it is also known, the living or basal zone
How thick is the epidermis?
As thick as a piece of paper.
What layer of the skin does skin cancer begin?
Stratum Germinativum
Also known as Basal Layer, Innermost layer/Lowest layer of Epidermis
In what layer of the skin do calluses form? Persistent friction and pressure cause areas to thicken for protection and form calluses.
Stratum Granulosum
What is the structure of hair and its follicle classified as?
Major appendages to the structure of the skin.
Where is hair absent on the human body?
On the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands.
What influences hair growth at different ages in individuals?
Hormones and genetics.
What do the terms [Pilo] and [Sebaceous] refer to?
[Pilo] means hair; [Sebaceous] means oily gland.
Healthy hair is
Continually growing, shedding, and being replaced.
Straight, Kinky and Wavy Hair Follicle Shapes
Straight hair has round shaped follicles, kinky hair has flat shaped follicles, and wavy hair has oval shaped follicles.
What is the purpose of sebaceous glands in relation to hair?
They secrete an oil that lubricates hair and prevents it from becoming dry and brittle.
What is the space (indentation) that hair occupies called?
Follicular canal.
What forms the outer sheath of the follicular canal?
The basal cell layer.
What is the external root sheath made up of?
Made of horny epidermal tissue.
What is the purpose of the hair bulb?
It is where hair grows and contains the dividing cells of the hair matrix.
What is the dermal papilla?
An indentation at the base of the hair bulb containing blood supply and nutrients for hair growth.
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
Partially responsible for heat regulation and causes goose bumps.
What triggers the contraction of the arrector pili muscle?
Fear and cold stimuli.
What is sebum?
A protective fatty substance (oil) secreted by the sebaceous gland that lubricates hair and skin.
What are the three layers of hair?
Cuticle, cortex, and medulla.
What is the function of the cuticle in hair?
To protect the inner layers of the hair. The outermost layer of the hair shaft, consisting of one overlapping layer of transparent, scale-like cells that protect the inner layers
What does the cortex of the hair do?
Provides strength and elasticity and contains melanin for hair color.
What is unique about the medulla layer of hair?
Fine hair lacks the medulla and curly hair has a stronger medulla.
What type of hair covers the fetus before birth?
Lanugo.
What describes vellus hair?
Fine and short hair often called peach fuzz.
How does terminal hair differ from vellus hair?
Terminal hair is longer, coarser, and pigmented.
What is the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle?
The active growing phase when the hair follicle is at its deepest.
During which phase does club hair begin to form?
Catagen phase.
