Biology: B8 - Exchange and transport in animals

what makes diffusion faster

• larger concentration gradient

• higher temperature

• shorter distance

rate of diffusion - ficks law

surace area x conc difference / thickness of membrane

ficks law

• if temp is constant other factors except SA will influence diffusion rate

what is the name for a unicellular organism

protozoa

what are alveoli

• air sacs where the gas exchange occurs

• supported by bronchioles

• surrounded by a network of capillaries

why do alveloi have individual chambers

• overall surface area is larger

• so the alveoli can absorb more oxygen

• increasing the rate of diffusion

what happens when we inhale

• thorax volume - increases

• diaphragm - contracts and pushes digestive organs down

• intercostal muscles - contracts and expands

• rib cage - up and forward

• pressure in chest - decreases below atmospheric pressure

• air - into lungs

what happens when we exhale

• thorax volume - decreases

• diaphragm - relaxes

• intercostal muscles relaxes-

• rib cage - in and down

• pressure in chest - increases above atmospheric pressure

• air - forced out of lungs

state the pathway of oxygen from atmosphere to red blood cells

• nose

• trachea

• bronchi

• bronchioles

• alveoli

• diffuses

arteries

• left side

• carry oxygenated blood, low CO2

• from the heart to the blood cells

veins

• carry deoxygenated blood, lots of CO2

• right side

• from blood cells back to heart

list the heat structure on the right side of the body (left as you look at it)

• pulmonary artery

• vena cava

• right atrium

• right ventricle

list the heat structure on the left side of the body (right as you look at it)

• aorta

• pulmonary vein

• left atrium

• left ventricle

where is the tricuspid valve

right side of the heart

where is the bicuspid valve

left side of the heart

oxygenated blood

• returns to heart via pulmonary vein

• enters heart at left atrium

• pumped into left ventricle

• pumped into body via aorta

deoxygenated blood

• returns to heart by the vena cava

• enters heart at right atrium

• pumped into right ventricle

• back to lungs via pulmonary artery

artery adaptation

small narrow lumen to carry blood at high pressure

capillary adaptation

one cell thick - increases he rate of diffusion

narrow tube - increase speed

vein adaptation

valves to stop the back flow of blood

stent

• widens blood vessels

• A - barley any risk of infection

• D - growth of new tissue can block blood flow

statin

• lowers cholesterol

• A - occurs straight away

• D - life long

Pacemaker

• regulates heart beat

• A - ensures blood is pumped around the body

• D - can fail

heart bypass

• replace damaged heart blood vessels

• A - can last forever

• D - chance of rejection

heart transplant

• A - lengthens your life

• D - long life risk of rejection

cardiac output

stroke volume x heart rate

what is blood made up of

• red blood cells

• white blood cells

• plasma

• platelets

what do red blood cells do

contain haemoglobin to bind to the oxygen

what do white blood cells do

fight infections/pathogens

what does plasma do

carries waste product

• urea

• proteins

• glucose

what do platelets do

helps to clot the blood and stop bleeding

whats another name for red blood cells

erythrocytes

haemoglobin reaction

• haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin

• reversible reaction

what happens to the body when exercising

• increased heart rate

• more breaths per minute

• deeper breaths

• arteries get wider

• sweating

why does your bodys heart rate and breathing increase when exercising

to increase the blood flow so your active muscles get more oxygen

aerobic respiration word equation

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

aerobic respiration symbol equation

C6H12O6 + O2 —> C02 + H20 + energy

aerobic repiration

• plentiful supply of oxygen

• able to digest food properly

• supply cells with everything they need

• lot of energy

anaerobic respiration

• lack of oxygen

• short burst of energy

• less energy

• lactic acid

anaerobic respiration - PRODUCTS

• carbon dioxide

• lactic acid

energy

• production of amino acids/proteins

• growth and repair

• movement

• maintaining body temp

rate of respiraton in maggots variables

• I - temperature

• D - distance that the bubble moved

• C - number of maggots

what does soda lime do

absorbs the CO 2

what are the risks

• glass beaker - place it in the centre of the table

• maggots dying - dont allow them into the hot water