HWH 9 Semester 2 Final IHS Sacacian (DRAFT)

I feel like I'm going clinically insane doing this study guide. It isn't finals week, but it sure seems like it's our final week.

Antisemitism

Prejudice, discrimination, or hatred directed specifically at Jewish people

Economic depression

A prolonged and severe downturn in economic activity

Appeasement

Policy of giving in to an aggressor’s demands in order to keep the peace

Blitzkrieg

“Lightning war”

• A military tactic emphasizing speed, surprise, and concentrated force

Genocide

Any acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group

Concentration camp

A facility where a government confines people without trial, based on who they are or their political beliefs rather than individual criminal convictions

• Detention center for civilians considered enemies of the state

War crimes

Serious violations of international humanitarian law (the laws of war) committed during an armed conflict

Crimes against humanity

Specific, grave offenses committed as part of a large-scale or systematic attack directed at any civilian population

Crimes against peace

• The planning, preparation, initiation, or waging of a war of aggression

• A war in violation of international treaties, agreements, or assurances

Cause of 1905 revolution (Absolute rule of Russian Tsars)

• Current ruler is Tsar Nicholas II

Cause of 1905 revolution (Rigid Feudal System)

• Peasants make up 90% of the population, mostly farmers

• Pay the highest taxes

Cause of 1905 revolution (Industralization)

• Led to increased taxes, poor working conditions

• High unemployment, starvation due to bad harvests

Cause of 1905 revolution (Spread of Marxism/Communism)

• Communism - an economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

• Emergence of the Bolsheviks, a group of Marxist revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin

Marxist communism

• Theorized that classes would eventually go to war

• People would rise up and create a system in which people shared all goods and services

Proletariat

The laboring class; the class of industrial workers who lack their own means of production and hence sell their labor to live

Bourgeoise

The capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production

Cause of 1905 revolution (Russo-Japanese War)

• Russia and Japan had rival imperial ambitions over

• Manchuria and Korea

• Embarrassing loss for Russia

• → Russian people blamed Tsar Nicholas II for keeping them in the war

• → Japan emerges on world stage

Bloody Sunday

• January 22nd, 1905: 150,000 workers and their families marched to Tsar's palace in St. Petersburg

  • They wanted to present him a petition asking for better working conditions and more rights

• Tsar's soldiers fire on the unarmed crowd

Results of 1905 revolution

• Nicholas agrees to change and approved the creation of the Duma- Russia's first parliament

• Duma is convened only 4 times between 1905 & 1917

Russia in WWI

• In 1914, Russia enters WWI but it would only bring death & destruction to Russia

• During the war, food shortages plagued Russia

• Nicholas didn't grasp how bad the situations had become in Russia

Russia WWI (ruling of Tsars & Rasputin)

• While leading troops during WWI, Rasputin and Tsarina Alexandra ruled the country

  • Rasputin was the controversial advisor to the Romanov family

  • Claimed to stop bleeding Prince Alexei, who suffered from hemophilia

  • Widely criticized for behavior, Rasputin exerted a powerful influence on the royal family

Russia in WWI (overthrowing Tsar)

• March 1917 women textile workers in St. Petersburg lead a citywide strike

  • Local protest exploded into a general uprising

• Forced the Tsar Nicholas to abdicate

• Russia is still the war but people want to get out of the war

• Germany also wants Russia out of the war, arrange for Lenin to be snuck back into the country

Bolshevik Revolution

• October 1917, workers storm Winter Palace and overthrow Provisional Government

• Under Lenin's leadership, Bolshveiks take power

• Bolshevik Goals: Peace, Bread Land

Why did the Bolsheviks want to create a new government

To achieve goals:

• Peace: End to Russian Involvement in WWI

• Bread: Food for Everyone

• Land: Redistribution of land

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• Russia ends its involvement in WWI through the signing of the treaty

• Causes a rift between Bolsheviks and their socialist allies

Russian Civil War

• Socialists join forces with monarchists, army officers, various

• ethnic minority groups, and the bourgeoisie to form "the Whites"

• Civil War breaks out b/w Whites and the Reds (Bolsheviks)

• Lasts from 1917-1920

• In 1918, Tsar Nicholas II and his family are executed by Bolsheviks

Communist Government

• During the Civil War, Lenin consolidated his power

  • Instituted a lot of reform

• But also lots censorship and oppression

• Red Terror (1918-1922) - period of political repression, executions carried out by the Bolshevik's secret police force, Cheka

Creation of the USSR

• In 1922 when the Red win the Civil War, Russia is renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

• Banks, mines, and factories became nationalized (Controlled by the government)

Lenin's New Economic Policy

• While the Red Army had been victorious in the Civil War, came at a cost

• Lenin's plan for dealing with the fallout from War Communism is called the New Economic Policy (NEP)

How did Stalin's rule affect the economy

• Wants to make the SU into an industrial power

• Took economic activity under government control

  • Gov. officials made all economic decisions

  • Regulated prices and quality of goods

  • Set high production goals for industry and transportation

  • Had high human costs, workers/managers forced to meet these goals, consumer goods were more scarce

How did Stalin change agriculture

• Wanted peasants to produce more grain and work on collectives (large farms operated by a group of peasants

• Peasants did not like collectivization, rebelled, leading to Terror Famine

• Farm output was not improved

• Peasants got land taken, were sent to slave labor camps, many were killed/dead, millions starved to death

How did Stalin use terror tactics to harm the Soviet Union

• Used secret police and torture

• Carried out mass murders

• Violated people's rights

• Had internal spies

• Set up the Gulag: system of labor camps in which many people died

Stalin's Great Purge

• Ordered to kill old Bolsheviks, eventually expanded to ordinary citizens

• Purged members were sent to Gulag without trial

• Increased Stalin's power

How did Stalin use propaganda to support his rule (creating a totalitarian state)

• Made himself a godlike figure

• Used propaganda to show evils of capitalism and successes of communism and praised Stalin

How did Stalin use censorship to promote his rule (creating a totalitarian state)

• Government controlled books published, music, works of art

• Required artists and writes to follow socialist realism: showed Soviet life in a positive light and promoted a socialist future

• No free press

How did Stalin use Russification to create a totalitarian state

• Promoted Russian culture over others

• Appointed Russians to high ranking positions in non-Russian SSRs

• Required Russian language to be used in schools, businesses

• Russian citizens were sent to other republics to further spread

How did Stalin affect religion to create a totalitarian state

• Targeted Russian Orthodox church (supported Tsar)

• Seized religious property

• Priests, religious leaders sent to prison camps/killed

• Forced their own ideology onto religions

  • Writings of Marx, Lenin, and portraits of Stalin

• Atheism becomes the official state policy of Soviet Union

How did Soviet Society under Stalin change

• Elite groups emerged

• Top were members of Communist party, small fraction of Soviet citizens could join

• Denied benefits to most people

• Lived in best apartments, homes, shopped at special stores for consumer goods

How did Communist schools benefit the state and Communist party

• Required all children to attend free Communist built schools

• Needed for educated workers that could build a modern industrial state

• Had sports, cultural activities, and political classes

• Taught communist values like atheism, glory of collective farming, love of Stalin

For those not in the Elite party, how was life changed

• Scarce housing, entire families in one room

• Lots of bread, but meat and fruit and other foods were short in supply

• Women gained accesses to education and wide range of jobs

  • Now contributed to economic growth

  • Worked in factories, constructions, collections

  • Worked in medicine, engineering, or sciences

What foreign policy goals did Lenin pursue

• Formed the Comintern: encouraged worldwide revolution

  • Made western powers suspicious of SU

  • Encouraged colonial peoples to rise up against imperial powers

• U.S. and SU set up diplomatic relations, joined League of Nations later

What foreign policy goals did Stalin pursue

• Isolate from West

• Western suspicious got in the way of setting up alliances against Nazi Germany, in turn signed one with Nazi Germany

How did the Soviet Union's foreign policy goals contradict one another

• Both Lenin and Stalin wanted worldwide revolution to support communism and marxism

• As soviets, they wanted a nation's security by winning support of other countries

Mexican War of Independence

• Former Spanish colony

• War for independence lasts 1810-1821

• Goes through series of government changes between 1821 and 1876

Mexican Territory

Throughout the 1800s, Mexico's borders, particularly the northern border, changed as the United States pushes westward

Porfiriato

• Porfirio Diaz Seizes power in a military coup in 1876

• Diaz will rule Mexico as a pseudo-dictator from 1876 to 1911

Conditions under Diaz

• Centralized power and diversified Mexican economy

• Caudillos: large landowners who lived on haciendas slowly expanded holdings

• Forced poorer farms to exist in a system known as peonage

Hacienda

A large estate especially in a Spanish-speaking country

Peonage

The use of laborers bound in servitude because of debt

How did Diaz's conditions affect lower people

• Majority of Mexicans were mestizos or Indian peasants who lived in desperate poverty

• Peasants worked on haciendas

• Some peasants moved to cities where they found jobs in factories/mines

• Growth of the economy did not trickle down to the middle class, the working class, or the peasants

• The Latifunda System focused land ownership among a small collection of rich families

How did laborers take actions

• Middle class and peasants living in the rural areas began demanding a change in how ownership of land was established

• In urban areas, factory workers began speaking out against bad working conditions

Events of 1906 laborer actions

• In 1906, minors in Sonora began a strike protesting low pay and dangerous working conditions

• William C. Green, American owner of mine, mobilized an army of Americans to put down uprising

• 1907: textile workers in Veracruz rioted at Rio Blanco Factory, world's largest textile factory

• Diaz sent federal troops to stop the riot

How did laborer actions open doors for revolution

• Throughout Mexico, the middle class, working classes, and peasants began to oppose the control of Diaz and the land owners

• Labor demands become political demands and Diaz's presidency began to crumble

Explain the events of the Mexican Revolution in order

1. Rebelled in several parts of the country, Diaz resigns in 1911

2. Madero becomes president, gets murdered by Huerta

3. Huerta emerged as a military leader

4. Zapata led a rebellion for land and freedom as an Indian peasant

5. Zapata and Villa start rebellions

6. Carranza defeats Villa and Zapata, Prez of U.S. hunts down Huerta

7. Carranza signs a new constitution

How did the PRI accommodate many groups in Mexican society

• Government organizes PRI

• Makes political changes to accomodate many groups in Mexican society

• Brought stability, carried out many reforms while reducing political repression

• Allowed Mexicans to gain economic independence

• Distributed more land to peasants, government supports labor unions and launched massive effort to combat illiteracy

• Spread idea of nationalism

How did the PRI keep power for itself

• There was still an unequal distribution of wealth

• Suppressed other political parties and silenced critics

• Used repression to shut down protests

Economic nationalism

• Ending economic dependence on industrial powers, especially U.S. and Britain

• Set up factories and high taxes on imports to protect industries

• Nations nationalized resources and took over foreign-owned industries

• Lacked resources to build large industries

Political nationalism

• Political nationalism occurs

• Believed liberism did not work in LA

• Authoritarian governments emerged

• Imposed stability and supported economic nationalism, but suppressed political parties and silenced critics

Cultural nationalism

• Rejected European influences, took pride in their own traditions

• Writers, artists, used murals and paintings on buildings

Nationalism in Latin America

• Latin Americans sold plentiful natural resources and cash crops to industrialized countries

• After WWI, trade w/ Europe falls off, Great Depression hits LA, economies decline

• Cost of imported consumer goods rise

U.S. intervention in Latin America

• Investments increased

• U.S. steps in with military forces to support leaders who favored American interests

• Good Neighbor Policy: U.S. agrees to stop interfering, U.S. removes troops from nations and lifts Platt Amendment (restricted Cuban independence)

Global great depression

• 1930s, sees a massive depression that impacts countries worldwide

• Responses from countries center on freedom or security, most countries pick security

Populism

A political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by elite groups

Fascism (definiton)

A militant political movement that emphasizes loyalty to the state and obedience to a leader

Fascism

Political ideology

• 1 party with 1 supreme leader (dictator

• Extreme nationalism

• Militarism

• Censorship & indoctrination

• State-controlled economy

• Sometimes emphasizes greater importance to ethnic groups

Totalitarianism

System of government in which a dictator has total control over every aspect of its citizens lives

Authoritarianism

System of government that uses institutions to control its citizens lives

Similarities between fascism and communism

• Opposing doctrines but there are similarities in practice

• Totalitarian or authoritarian leader, propaganda, censorship, or extreme nationalism

Eugenics

Set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve genetic quality of human population by permitting only people with characteristics judged desirable to reproduce

Weimer Republic

• German leaders created a democratic government known as the Weimar Republic

• Led by a chancellor, or prime minister

• Gave women the right to vote and included a bill of rights

• Had many different parties like communists and conservatives that were hard to manage

• Was blamed for the Versailles treaty'

• Germany fell behind in reparation payments

• Struggled from inflation

Adolf Hitler

• Becomes leader of Nazi Party

• Believed in extreme nationalis, racism, and anti-semitism

• Great Depression allowed for Nazi party to grow

• Feared communist political power and turned to Hitler

• Hitler becomes dictator

  • Suspends civil rights, destroys communism, and disbands politcal parties

  • Becomes a one-party totalitarian state, Hitler purges disloyal Nazis

How did the Nazi party maintain control

• Combated Great Depression by controlling labor and business, made public projects to employ people, rejected Versailles treaty

• Controlled all areas of German life from government to religion to education

• Made a secret police called the Gestapo which rooted out opposition

• Passed out the Nuremberg Laws: deprived Jews of German citizenship and placed severe restrictions

How did the Nazi party affect Jewish people

• Jews were beat and rights were taken, sought refuge in other countries

• Young German Jew shot a German diplomat, Hitler then staged an attack on all Jews

• Nazi mobs smashed windows of Jewish homes/businesses

How did Nazi party shift political thought in Germany

• Indoctrinated young people with Nazi ideology by implementing it in school courses and textbooks, and forcing them to pledge absolute lotaly to Germany, etc

• Nazi's purified German culture

• Women factory workers were needed, but goal to keep women in home and out of workforce applied to privilege

• Denounced modern art because of Jewish influences, glorified old German myths

How did World War I impact the growth of authoritarian states/ nations in Eastern Europe

• Followed Germany by going to authoritarian rule in postwar era in Eastern Europe

• Rivalries from WWI made country independent of neighbors

• Ethnic tensions were created between countries

• WWI's economic problems and tensions created a space for dictators to promise order

• Had social and economic inequalities and not much experience with democratic process

Militarism

The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests; a policy of glorifying military power and values

Mobilization

The action of a country or its government preparing and organizing troops and resources for active service

Disillusion

Disappointment resulting from the discovery or realization that a belief, ideal, or expectation is false

Marxism

Belief that workers should replace capitalism with a classless society where wealth and industry are shared (comes from Karl Marx)

Alliance

A union or association formed for mutual benefit

Propaganda

Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view

Armistice

An agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time

Total War

Warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, mobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs

Conscription

Compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces

Partisan

A firm adherent (supporter) to a party, faction, cause, or person

MAIN causes of WWI

Militarism

• Industrialization leads to modernizing of European militaries and development of new weapons

Alliances

• Europe was connected through a system of alliances; required members to come to one another’s aid in case of attack

Imperialism

• Primary motivator is economics; competition for trade and colonies further strained relations

Nationalism

• Many European nations had developed strong nationalist sentiments; Serbia wanted to unify all of south-east Europe’s

  Slavic people as part of one country

Balkan Wars (1912-1913)

The Balkan League aimed to seize territories from the Ottoman Empire and promote national unity among Slavic peoples in the Balkans

• Balkan League consists of Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Triple Entente

Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Italy

What event started the fighting of WWI

Assassination of the Astro-Hungarian Archduke and Duchess on June 28th, 1914 by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip

Beginning of WWI

• July 1914: Austria declares war on Serbia after Serbia does not meet all the demands issued by Austria after the assassination

• Germany supported Austria, Russia & France supported Serbia → Germany declares war on Russia and Serbia

Which country joined WWI later

USA (in the Triple Entente)

Schlieffen Plan

• Strategy created by General Alfred Schlieffen to avoid a two-front battle (France in the west and Russia in the east)

• Germany planned to quickly defeat France first by invading through Belgium (which was a neutral country)

• After defeating France, Germany would move troops east to fight Russia, which was expected to mobilize more slowly

Why were Germany and other European countries optimistic about joining WWI

European countries entered WWI believing it would be a short war that would bring glory, victory, and national pride (heavy on national pride and romanticizing of war)

How was WWI different from previous wars

• New technology (e.g. machine guns, tanks, poison gas, etc.) made fighting more destructive/deadly → mass casualties of soldiers and civilians

• Trench warfare caused long stalemates and harsh conditions

• Many countries around the world became involved (global war)

How did alliances impact the events of WWI

Due to the alliance system, many countries had a obligation to back up their respective allied nations → small regional war turned into a major world war

Why was WWI often referred to as a total war

Governments used all their resources (people, industry, money, and supplies) to support the war effort

How did industrialization impact WWI

• More powerful weapons

• Mass production

• Longer war

• New technology

• Higher casualties

How were civilians (including women, children, minority groups, and colonial subjects) impacted by WWI

• Women worked in factories, farms, and hospitals (filling in the jobs men left to go to war) while many men fought

• Children faced food shortages, loss of family members, and often had to work or help at home

• Minority groups served in the military or labor jobs (still faced discrimination)

• Colonial subjects were recruited as soldiers and workers for the European colonizer nations

Many civilians experienced rationing, propaganda, economic hardship, and attacks

What was trench warfare and how did it impact soldiers

• Style of fighting in WWI where soldiers lived and fought from long, deep ditches called trenches

• Opposing armies faced each other across “No Man’s Land” with little movement/long stalemates

• Impact on soldiers:

  • Harsh living conditions: muddy, cold, poor hygiene, rats & lice

  • Constant danger: gas attacks, machine guns, bombs

  • High casualties: attacks often failed and caused many deaths

  • Mental stress: fear, exhaustion, PTSD (“shell shock”)

  • Disease/injury: infections were very common