sbi3u1 exam

whos the father of epiemoiology

john snow

epidemiologist

disease detective

public health tenets

track outbreak, track source, understand cause

is virus living

no

is bacteria living

yes

structure of a virus

dna/rna

structure of a bacteria

prokaryotic

how does virus reproduce

through its host

how does a bacteria reproduce

binary fission

does virus have an antibiotic treatment

no

does bacteria have an antibiotic treatment

yes

cell type of virus

not a cell

cell type of bacteria

prokaryotic

lytic cycle

viral reproduction where virus injects itself into host and cell bursts

lysogenic cycle

viral reproduction attatches itself into host, stays inactive then activates then enters lytic cycle

immune system

protects against pathogens

memory b and t cells

produces antibodies for pathogens already encountered

antibody

protein made by immune system to recognize and destroy pathogens detected

vaccine

exposes the body to a weaker pathogen

herd immunity

enough people are immune due to vaccine or past infection

antibiotics

kill bacteria

antiviral

slows down virus reproduction

true or false: viruses can jump from animal to people

true

R0 concept

measures the amount of people contagious people have infected

R0>1

disease will spread

R0<1

disease will fade away

purpose of R0 measurement

determines severity and length of virus

taxonomy

classification of living things

hierachy

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

archaebacteria

live in extreme environments
no peptidoglycan in cell walls
prokaryotic

eubacteria

found everywhere
cell wall has peptidoglycan
prokaryotic

protista

its like everything else
can be plant like (algae), fungus like (slime)
eukaryotic

fungi

decomposers
cell wall made of chitin
eukaryotic

plantae

autotrophs
cell wall made of cellulose
eukaryotic

animalia

heterotrophs
no cell wall
eukaryotic

parasitism

one benefits, the other harmed

commensalism

one benefits, other unaffected

mutualism

both benefit

coevolution

mutual adaptation between species

vascular plants

have xylem and ploem

non vascular

have no transport system

photosynthesis

uses water, co2 and sunlight to produce sugar

stomata

open/close for gas exchange

primary

starts without soil

secondary

starts with soul present

climax community

stable, final stage

interspecific competition

between different species

intraspecific competition

within the same species

allelopathy

plants release chemicals to inhibit others

more plant diversity =

more animal diversity

what forests have the highest plant diversity

tropical forests

invasive species

exotic plants with no predators

adaptations

traits that improve survival and reproduction

prophase 1

chromosomes form tetrads, crossing over occurs

metaphase 1

tetrads line up in the middle

anaphase 1

homologous chromosomes separate

telophase 1

2 haploid cells form

prophase 2

spindle forms again

metaphase 2

chromosomes line up

anaphase 2

chromatids separate

telophase 2

4 non identical haploid cells are made

mitosis

used for growth, repair, asexual reproduction

interphase

dna replicates

prophase

spindle forms

metaphase

chromosomes line up

anaphase

chromatids pull apart

telophase

nuclear membrane forms

cytokinesis

cytoplasm divides

homologous chromosomes

same size/genes, one from each parent

gametogenesis

gamete formation in animals

nondisjunction

chromosomes fail to separate

trisomy

extra chromosome

monosomy

missing a chromosome

dominant allele

shows up in offspring

recessive allele

only appears if no dominant is present

genotype

genetic make up (TT, Tt, tt)

phenotype

physical trait (small, tall)

homozygous

same alleles (TT, tt)

heterozygous

different alleles (Tt)

incomplete dominance

alleles blend (red+white=pink)

co dominance

both alleles show equally (red + white = red and white spots)

evolution

change in heritable traits in a population over time

mutation

dna copying errors that cause variation

fitness

measured by how many offspring an organism produces

natural selection

traits that help survival become more common over time

air pathway

nose/mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

larynx

voice box

epiglottis

blocks food from going into trachea

alveoli

gas exchange with blood

inhalation

diaphragm CONTRACTS, chest EXPANDS, LOW pressure, air IN

exhalation

diaphragm RELAXES, chest SHRINKS, HIGH pressure, air OUT

circulatory system function

moves oxygen, nutrients, immune cells

open circulatory system

blood flows freely, found in insects, crustaceans

closed circulatory system

blood stays in vessels, found in earthworms/vertebrates

interstitial fluid

fluid between cells

sinus

space around organs

hematocrit

% of red blood cells in blood

plasma

fluid carrying nutrients and proteins

albumin

controls fluid levels