12.36.R - Test: 4th Quarter study biology

What is the branch of biology that focuses on how organisms relate to one another and their surroundings?

Ecology

Burning of plant material returns carbon primarily to the ____.

atmosphere

Which of the following statements would be a consequence of a natural disaster that killed off most of the primary consumers in an ecosystem?

There would be a decrease in the population size of the secondary and tertiary consumers.

A species of snapping turtle has a tongue that resembles a worm, which it uses to attract small fish. Which of the following best describes the interaction between the fish and the snapping turtle?

Predation

Processes involved in the water cycle are represented by letters in the diagram.In which group are these processes correctly identified?

D-Precipitation

What are two ways that precipitation moves through the water cycle?

Rain and snow

In the tropical regions of Africa, the crocodile lies with its mouth open. A bird species, the Plover, flies into its mouth and feeds on bits of decaying meat stuck in the crocodile's teeth. The crocodile doesn't eat the plover. Which term best describes the interaction between the crocodile and the plover?

Mutualism

The diagram below shows the nitrogen cycle. What is the role of nitrates in the cycle?

It is used by plants for protein synthesis.

Which organisms make their own food by absorbing energy from the usn through photosynthesis?

Primary producers

In a process called transpiration, plants get rid of excess water through pores in the leaves called stomata. This excess water is then released into the atmosphere as part of the water cycle. Which of the following terms best describes how the released water enters the atmosphere?

Evaporation

Match the ecological relationship with the correct description.

Correct!Commensalism One organism benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

Correct!Competition Two organisms vie for the same food source.

Correct!Mutualism Both organisms benefit.

Correct!Parasitism One organism benefits, and the other is harmed.

Correct!Predation One organism kills and eats another organism.

Match the biogeochemical cycle with the correct description.

Correct!This compound cycles through the Earth by evaporation, condensation, and precipitation Carbon cycle

Correct!This process is when this gas is converted into usable forms of nitrate and nitrite as it circulates through Earth. Nitrogen cycle

Correct!Rain and weathering cause rocks to release phosphate ions and other minerals. Phosphorous cycle

Correct!This element is released from rocks and weathering that is taken up by plants from soil and forms proteins. Sulfur cycle

Correct!This compound cycles through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Water cycle

Good work, you really got how things cycle on our planet.

Match the ecological organization with the correct description.

Correct!Community Different populations that live in the same area

Correct!Ecosystem Community and its physical environment

Correct!Population Group of organisms from the same species that live in the same area

Correct!Species Group of similar organisms that produce fertile offspring

Explain how deforestation of tropical rainforests affects the water and carbon cycles. Please answer using complete sentences.

The carbon cycle relies on an organism to release oxygen through cellular respiration. Without a large amount of trees, the carbon cycle is effected.

Deforestation also gives the water cycle less opportunities for precipitation. This means that there will be more runoff, or larger lakes and streams.

A red squirrel has 4000kJ of energy from organisms in the following food web.

The fox will receive 400 kJ of available energy from the red squirrel.

What is a linear sequence of energy transfer from one organism to the next?

Food chain

The physical location of an ecosystem in which a given species lives is called a ___.

Habitat

Which feature defines an organism's niche?

Its role in its habitat

A contest between organisms seeking the same resources is describing what concept?

Competition

Which diagram shows a network of multiple food chains and their interactions with each other?

Food web

Which of these organisms would most likely be found at the top of an energy pyramid?

Sharks—a tertiary consumer

The diagram shows the cycling of nutrients in an ecosystem.The removal of which of the following groups would cause an immediate decrease in the amount of energy flowing through the system?

Producers

What percent of energy is available as you move up each tropic level?

10%

Which of the following statements is true about natural systems?

Producers are at the bottom level of both the energy pyramid and the biomass pyramid.

Match the term with the correct description.

Correct!Consumer Organism that is a heterotroph

Correct!Decomposer Organism that decomposes organic material

Correct!Producer Organism that is an autotroph

Correct!Apex predator Organism found at the top of a food web

Match the term with the correct definition.

Correct!Habitat The place where an organism lives and grows

Correct!Microbiome A community of microorganisms that inhabit a specific environment

Correct!Microhabitat A small, specialized ecosystem within a larger environment

Correct!Niche The role an organism plays in a community

Good

Compare and contrast the food chain to the food web, using examples. Please answer using complete sentences.

food chain and the Food web are similar in the essence that the arrows lead to what the animal eats. Both have a system of what an animal preys on.

The food web proves to go down as well as up. It can go in any direction. When a food chain goes in a singular direction, and is less complex.

Suppose there is a population of both light and dark-colored beetles that live in a forest of trees with light-colored trunks. Which of the following results is most likely to occur to the beetle population due to predation over time?

The number of light-colored beetles in the population will increase.

In tropical regions, the crocodile lies with its mouth open, and the plover bird flies into its mouth to feed on bits of meat stuck in the crocodile's teeth. The crocodile doesn't eat the bird. Which term best describes the relationship between the crocodile and the plover?

Mutualism

Which of the following statements best describe age structure diagrams?

They are useful in predicting future trends in a population relating to age groups of males and females.

How does a positive population growth rate of humans in rural areas affect the environmental quality of the native ecosystem?

It creates additional waste in the ecosystem that lowers environmental quality.

What is the major cause of the greenhouse effect?

Gases in the atmosphere absorb and trap Earth's heat.

What type of population would be associated with a population pyramid that has an extremely broad base?

A rapidly expanding population

What is a group of the same species living together in the same geographic location called?

Population

What is the system of all living things and their interactions with all of the world spheres called?

Biosphere

When the environment has reached carrying capacity, which of the following conclusions can be made?

The growth and immigration is equal to the death and emigration rate.

Which of the following examples describes climate?

Summers are usually hot and dry.

Which of the following factors does NOT influence a biome?

How many people live there

Which of the following interactions between organisms would be considered commensalism?

Remora fish attach to sharks and eat the scraps they leave behind.

Which of the following correctly pairs biotic factors with an effect on the biosphere?

Biotic factors would increase the number and variety of predators.

Parrotfish are herbivores that live in coral reefs. The parrotfish eat near rabbitfish, which have venomous spines, for protection. Which type of relationship exists between a parrotfish and a rabbitfish?

Commensalism

Data on the immigration and emigration of a species would be most helpful in determining which of the following?

Population of a species

The graph shows changes in the human population over time. Which of the following statements would predict a consequence of these changes?

A decrease in the availability of natural resources.

What term describes the day-to-day changes in temperature, cloud cover, wind, and precipitation conditions?

Weather

The graph shows the growth of Paramecium aurelia in a culture dish for 14 days. What would happen if the second species of paramecium were introduced in the culture dish with the Paramecium aurelia?

The population of Paramecium aurelia would be lower than 250 since the new species is competing with it for resources.

Which of the following is a limiting factor in a population of organisms?

Availability of food

Match each biome with the correct description.

Correct!Desert Has few plants and receives less than 25 cm of rainfall per year

Correct!Grassland Has seasonal rainfall and grasses that continue to grow after grazing

Correct!Taiga Has dense, evergreen coniferous forest and long, cold winters

Correct!Temperatue forest Has cone bearing and leaf bearing trees, and the trees lose their leaves during the winter

Correct!Tropical Rainforest Has the largest number of plant and animal species on Earth

Correct!Tundra Has a permanent frozen layer, and moss grows there

Match the population factor with the correct description.

Correct!Age Structure The composition of a population in terms of age and gender

Correct!Densithy and Distrubution The measurement of organisms residing in a specific area

Correct!Geographic Range The area where a species resides

Correct!Growth Rate The increase or decrease of a population

Good

Match the type of symbiosis with the correct description.

Correct!Commensalism A relationship where one organism benefits, and the other organism is neither helped nor harmed

Correct!Mutualism A relationship where both organisms benefit

Correct!Parasitism A relationship where one organism benefits, and the other organism is harmed

What would happen if two species occupy the same niche, in the same habitat, at the same time? Please answer using complete sentences.

The two species would have to compete for food and resources. Eventually one would die out, with the possibility of both dying out.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a freshwater wetland?

Water flows in only one direction.

Why is it beneficial to use a model that shows the interactions of Earth's systems including the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere?

Causes and effects of global change may involve mor than one Earth system.

Elisabeth is an oceanographer. On which of the following research expeditions would she travel from the photic zone to the aphotic zone?

A submersible traveling from the ocean surface to the abyss

Coral reefs and kelp forests are found in the coastal ocean. Why is the coastal ocean more productive than the open ocean?

Land runoff provides a source of nutrients

What is the major change that occurs at a depth below 200 m in the ocean?

Descreased light levels

Match the freshwater biome with the correct description.

Correct!Estuary This ecosystem occurs where freshwater flows into oceans.

Correct!Lake This ecosystem is a basin filled with freshwater that is surrounded by land.

Correct!River This ecosystem begins underground or from mountain snowmelt and flows.

Correct!Wetland This ecosystem occurs where water covers a layer of soil for at least part of the year

Good

Match the ocean zone with the correct description.

Correct!Benthic Zone This zone experiences extreme pressure and frigid temperatures, and there is no light.

Correct!Intertidal Zone This zone experiences changes in water level during high and low tide.

Correct!Neritic Zone This zone receives nutrients from land and extends over the continental shelf.

Correct!Pelagic Zone This zone makes up over 90% of the world's oceans and ranges from 200-10,000 m deep.

Why are estuaries and wetlands important? Please answer in complete sentences.

Estuaries and wetlands are very important in the event of flooding. These will help reduce or even stop flooding.

Each side of the heart contains ____________ that separate the atria from the ventricles.

atrioventricular valves

What organ is responsible for pumping nearly 2,000 gallons of blood throughout the body?

Heart

Match the term with its description.

The respiratory system is not only _______ but also the ability to produce energy using oxygen.

respiration

Match the term with its definition.

You AnsweredMitral valve Valve on the right of the heart Sorry, you are incorrect. Please review the lesson "The Cardiovascular and Respiratory System."

Correct AnswerValve on the left of the heart

You AnsweredTricuspid valve Valve on the left of the heart Sorry, you are incorrect. Please review the lesson "The Cardiovascular and Respiratory System."

Correct AnswerValve on the right of the heart

Correct!Arteries Carry blood away from the heart

Correct!Veins Carry blood to the heart and lungs

Correct!Capillaries Thin vessels that allow oxygen and other nutrients to diffuse into the cell

Describe the parts of the respiratory system involved in the pathway of oxygen flow through the body. Please respond in 2-3 complete sentences using your best grammar.

The main part of the respiratory system that helps deliver oxygen are the bronchial tubes. These absorb the oxygen and help the body thrive.

Because the endocrine system sends messages through the __________ the pathways of the messages are unrestricted.

Bloodstream

Hormones and glands are the main components of the ______ system.

endocrine

What chemical is responsible for transferring information and instructions from one set of cells to another?

Hormones

Match the term with its description.

Correct!Hormones Transfer information and instructions from ones set of cells to another

Correct!Glands Groups of cells that produce chemicals

Correct!Endocrine glands Ductless glands of internal secretions that control long-term activities

Correct!Exocrine glands Glands of external secretions

What enzyme founds in the mouth starts the process of digestion by breaking down starches found in food?

Salivary amylase

The small intestine has _____, or tiny hair-like projections, that aid in absorbing nutrients as waste moves through into the large intestine.

villi

Bile is stored in what organ until used by the small intestine?

Gallbladder

Match the term with its description.

Correct!Pancreas Location of pancreatic juices and sodium bicarbonate are stored

Correct!Liver Where bile is produced

Correct!Gallbladder Where bile is stored

Correct!Bile Chemical secreted by the liver and used in digestion

Correct!Villi Small projections of the small intestine that allow for nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream

List the organs in the pathway of digestion beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus. (Note: Your response should include 7 major organs of the digestive system.)

The digestive system starts with the mouth where the salivary glands start to break food down. It then moves down the esophagus. Once food reached the stomach, it becomes chyme This chyme is broken down further with digestive juices.

It then moves down to the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream. Next the large intestine where liquid content is absorbed. Waste then exists out the Anus.

Which of the following is not one of the three functions of the human skeletal system?

Regulation

The adult human body contains ______ total bones.

206

Match the term to its definition.

Correct!Musculoskeletal system Combination of the muscular and skeletal systems involved in the movement of the body

Correct!Marrow Soft tissue found in bones that contribute to blood cell production

Correct!Femur Thigh bone; largest bone in the human skeleton

Correct!Cranium Also called the skull

Explain how newborn babies are born with 270-350 bones, but an adult human contains 206 bones. Please respond in 2-3 complete sentences using your best grammar.

In a child, they have more bones that a adult human. This is because, as they grow up, bones fuse together. For example small bones in the skull become a larger one.

The _______ nervous system includes the nerves linking the body to the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral

Which of the following is not one of the main sections of the brain?

Medulla oblongata

The _______ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

Central

Match the term with its description.

Correct!Axon Long, thread-like part of a nerve cell that conducts impulses from cell to cell

Correct!Dendrite Short, branched extension of a nerve cell that receives and transmits impulses

Correct!Nerve Fibers that transmit impulses through the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs

Correct!Neuron Specialized cells that join to create nerves

Correct!Neurotransmitter Chemicals released from axon terminals that transfer impulses from between nerve fibers

Good

The hair we can observe externally extends out of the skin through the __________.

air shaft

What is the largest organ of the body that is also designed to protect all other organs?

Skin

Which of the following is the part of the outer layer of the eyeball responsible for allowing light to enter the eye?

Cornea

Match the term with its description.

Correct!Merkel cells Myelinated nerve endings found in fingertips located in the basal epidermis and hair follicles

Correct!Bulbous corpuscles Involved in the movement of fingers and kinesthetic sense

Correct!Sclera White portion of the eye

Correct!Pupil Dark circle in the center of the iris that allows light to pass through to the retina

Correct!Cornea "Eye window" allowing light to enter the eye

The lymphatic system contains a network of vessels that transport fluids very similar to what other body system?

Cardiovascular system

Which of the following is not a type of lymphocyte?

Antigen

The immune system defends against ________, or germs and invaders that seek to harm the body.

pathogens

Match the term to its description

Correct!Lymph Clear fluid involved in the drainage of bodily tissues

Correct!Antibody Recognizes specific antigens to counteract infection

Correct!Lymph nodes Connected to lymphatic vessels and act like filtration centers with leukocytes

Correct!Pathogens Germs and harmful substances

Answer the following question in 3-5 complete sentences: Give one example of an animal adapting to its environment through artificial selection. Give one example of a plant adapting to its environment through artificial selection.

The fennec fox is well adapted for desert survival. Its large ears not only help the fox hear bugs scurrying across the desert but also allow the fox to stay cool. The ears are loaded with blood vessels; this allows the fox to release excess body heat.

Artificial selection in plants can be the breeding of flowers to create a particular color or shape.

Answer the following question in 3-5 complete sentences: What are some population advantages and disadvantages to asexual reproduction?

Advantages can be- It is a fast process, the population grows quickly, one parent is needed, little energy is required

Disadvantages can be -There is a lack of genetic variation, vulnerable to extinction if the environment changes, and if the parent has a disadvantageous trait, then the offspring also has that disadvantageous trait.

Match each prehistoric era with its characteristics.

Precambrian Era

Over 4.6 billion years ago. Simple multicellular organisms, such as sponges and worms, were numerous. The first protists (one-celled organisms) appeared.

Paleozoic Era

542 million years ago to 251 million years ago. Age of Invertebrates then Age of Fishes then Age of Amphibians. The first land plants developed during this time, and fern trees were widespread along with swampy forests. Modern insects also appeared.

Mesozoic Era

252 million years ago to about 66 million years ago. Age of Reptiles. Dinosaurs were the dominant animal life. The first birds were thought to appear during this era.

Cenozoic Era

Mammals became the dominant form of animal life. Flowering plants were the dominant form of plant life. Man appeared late in this era.

Match the scientists that influenced Darwin with their contribution to biology.

Carolus Linnaeus

developed a new classification system for organizing plants and animals based upon their similarities.

Erasmus Darwin

proposed that all living things were descended from a common ancestor.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

proposed that all organisms evolved towards perfection and complexity. Proposed that a change in the environment may lead to a change in the structures of an organism.

Match the geographic theories that influenced Darwin.

Theory of Catastrophism

This theory states that natural disasters such as volcanos, earthquakes, and floods were responsible for mass extinctions and major geographic changes.

Theory of Gradualism

This theory states that landforms changed because of slow changes over long periods of time.

Theory of Uniformitarianism

This theory states that the geologic processes that change the earth are uniform throughout time.

Great

The explanation "Only the organisms that are the best suited to survive in their environment will reproduce and pass their traits, while other organisms that are not fit will not be able to reproduce." best matches with which main principle of natural selection?

Survival of the fittest

Organisms of one species can arrive on an island chain together and then disperse throughout the chain, each settling into different niches and using different food resources to reduce competition.

True

_________ is the permanent loss of species from earth. This has happened to the mammoths and the dodo.

Extinction

Environmental factors do not cause the genetic variation of a population and influence selection.

False

Traits that negatively affect survival are more likely to be reproduced and are more common in the population.

False

Natural selection operates on information that is in the genes, yet it can also produce new information.

False