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cognitive Psychology
the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate and solve problems
Cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity (Including perception, thinking, memory and language)
Psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes
Critical Thinking
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather it examines assumptions, uncovers hidden values, weighs evidence, and assesses conclusions.
Biopsychosocial approach
an approach that intergrates different but complimentary views from biological, psychological, and social culture viewpoints
Culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and handed down from one generation to the next
nature-nurture issue
the age-old controversy over the relative influence of genes and experience in the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s psychological science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
Dual processing
the principle that our mind processes information at the same time on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
Positive Psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
Hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it
Theory
an explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events
Hypothesis
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
operational definition
a statement of procedures(operations) used to define research values
Replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced
case study
a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Naturalistic Observation
a descriptive research method in which researchers study behavior in its natural context
survey
a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
population
all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn
random sample
all members of the population are equally likely to be chosen
Correlation
a measure of the relationship between two variables
correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two things ranging from -1 to +1 with 0 indicating no relationship
Experiment
An organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions
Random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
Experiemental group
the group exposed to the factor being tested
control group
the group that does not receive the experimental treatment
Placebo
a fake drug used in the testing of medication
Double blind procedure
experiment in which neither the doctor nor the patient knows which drug is being used
placebo effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone
independent variable
factors that are manipulated in an experiement
confounding variable
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
Dependent variable
the measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested in
Descriptive research
studies designed to observe and record behavior
correlational research
the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables
experimental research
involves experiments or investigations seeking to understand relations of cause and effect
informed consent
permission granted in the knowledge of the possible consequences
debriefing
an explanation of the purpose of a study following data collection
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieveing, rather than simply rereading information
SQ3R
a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read retrieve, and review
Wilhelm Wundt
the father of psychology
William James
founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment
Margaret Floy Washburn
first female to be award with a phd in psychology
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious mind. Father of psychoanalysis
Structuralism
promoted by Wilhelm Wundt and focused in the structure of the human mind
Functionalism
promoted by William James and infleunced by Charles Darwin and focuses on how the mind functions
Behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without mental processes
Ivan Pavlov
studied how people learn
Charles Darwin
his thinking on species variation in the natural world led to evolutionary psychology
Behavior
anything a human or non-animal does such as smiling, blinking, sweating
mental processes
internal, subjective experiences such as sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs and feelings
Neuroscience
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiences
Evolutionary
how the natural selection of traits passed down from one generation to the next has promoted the survival of genes
Behavior genetics
how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
Psychodynamic
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Behavioral
how we learn from observable responses
Cognitive
how we encode, process , store, and retrieve information
Social cultural
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
Counseling Psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living such as school, work, or relationships in achieving greater well being
Clinical Psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses and treat people with psychological disorders
Overconfidence
when we think we know more than we do
Percieve order in random events
we see patterns that aren’t actually there like seeing jesus in toast
