ORG 1-2: Intro, Nomenclature, Hybridization, Isomerism, Basic Reactions

Study of hydrocarbons

Organic chemistry

One of the key founders of organic chemistry. Father of fertilizer industry.

Justus von Liebig

Debunked that organic chemistry only came from living organisms, with his experiment that turned ammonium cyanate to urea.

Friedrich Wohler

Name 3 types of 2D structure formulas

1. Expanded (Lewis)

2. Condensed (CH3CH2(CH3))
   uses parenthesis and subscripts to differentiate

   1. Line angle structural formula (zigzag)

Name 3 types of 3D structure formula

1. Dash-wedge-line

2. Ball-and-stick

3. Space-filling

What is the ratio of inorganic to organic compounds worldwide?

1.7M : 10M, roughly 1:6

The abundance of organic compounds is due to 3 main key features.

1. C is tetravalent (4 bonds with itself/catenation, and others)

2. C can form single, double and triple bonds

3. C compounds can form isomers

C is a strict follower of octet

What does IUPAC mean?

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Name the 4 isomers of butyl

1. n-butyl

2. Isobutyl

3. Sec-butyl

4. Tert-butyl

In naming compounds’ substituents, rank the prioritization: prefix (di- tri- tetra-), total sum of locants, alphabetical.

1. total sum of locants

2. alphabetical

3. prefix (di- tri- tetra-) NOT CONSIDERED

ROR vs RCOOR

Ether then Ester.

Ether = together
Ester = easter, itlog, may itlog

6 Functional Groups with C-Z Bond

1. alcohol ROH

2. thiol RSH

3. amine RNH2

4. alkyl halide RX

5. ether ROR

6. thiol ether RSR

2 Functional Groups with Carbonyl Carbon

Aldehyde RCOH

Ketone RCOR

5 Functional Groups with Carboxylic Acid

1. Carboxylic Acid RCO-OH

2. Acid Halide RCO-X (least stable, best leaving group)

3. Acid Anhydride RCO-O-OCR

4. Ester RCO-OR (fragrant)

5. Amide RCO-NH2 (resonance structure, most stable)

5 Functional Groups with Cyclic Structure

1. Cycloalkane

2. Cycloalkene

3. Cyclo ether (oxirane, epoxide)

4. Cyclo ester (lactone)

5. Cyclo amide (lactam)

Priority of Functional Groups + suffix prefix

CEA NAKAAA E

1. carboxylic acid -oic acid carboxy-

2. ester -oate alkoxycarbonyl-

3. amide -amide amido-

4. nitrile -nitrile cyano-

5. aldehyde -al formal- / oxo-

6. ketone -one oxo-

7. alcohol -ol hydroxy-

8. amine -amine amino-

9. alkanes

10. ether - alkoxy-

What functional group has both double and triple bond?

Alkenyne

What are the suffix and prefix of: carboxylic acid, ether, ester

Carboxylic acid = oic acid = carboxyl-

Ether = oate = alkoxycarbonyl-

Ester = ___ = alkoxy-

If both pentan-3-ol and 3-pentanol are in the choices as IUPAC nomenclature, which is best?

Both are IUPAC, but pentan-3-ol is the best choice.

Polycyclic Compounds: Types

1. Spirocyclic = s smaller ring prio (1 spiro C, can’t count discontinuously, #1 cant be spiro C)

2. Fused bicyclic = b bigger ring prio (2 bridgeheads C)

3. Bridged bicyclic = b bigger ring prio (3+ bridge heads C)