Biology Test Review

What process uses DNA to make RNA

transcription

What is the enzyme that splits DNA in transcriptions

RNA polymerase

What enzyme binds to the DNA strand in transcription

RNA polymerase

What region does the enzyme used in transcription bind in order to initiate the process of transcription

promoters

what is the central dogma of biology

DNA makes RNA, RNA makes protein

RNA

single strand, sugar ribose, u instead of t, synthesizes, and moves freely

DNA

double strand, sugar deoxyribose, t instead of u

Both RNA and DNA

have g, c, a, nucleic acid, made of nucleotides, follows base pairing

what are the base pairings in RNA

A = U, C = G

mRNA

carries copies of protein making instructions, then carries information from the DNA to ribosomes

rRNA

translates instructions in the mRNA into an amino acid chain or polypeptide

tRNA

carries the amino acid to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message

what is transcription

segments of DNA that serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules

what is RNA polymerase

the principal enzyme involved in DNA replication

what is a promoter

the region of DNA with a specific base sequence that indicates where RNA polymerase should bind

what occurs in the nucleus before RNA leaves to go in the cytoplasm

transcription and editing

what is mRNA called before it leaves the nucleus

pre - mRNA

what would help identify the start point in a long line of bases in DNA

the start codon

what are polypeptides

amino acid chains that become proteins

what is the language that the bases of RNA formed called

genetic code

what is a codon

three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid to be added to a polypeptide chain

what would AUG, UGA, ACU, and GAU translate to

UAC, ACU, UGA, CUA

how many bases make a codon

3

what is the sequence of amino acids produced called

primary structure

how many stop codons are there

3

where can the anticodon be found

the end of a tRNA molecule / on the tRNA

what two parts does the tRNA bring with it to the ribosomes

anticodons and amino acids

how many subunits are there to a ribosome

2

how many possible 3 base codons are there

64

what is the ribosomes function

making proteins

where is the ribosome found

in the cytoplasm

why doesn’t DNA make protein

DNA doesn’t have the nucleus and protein is made when it leaves the nucleus

what helps form a peptide bond

polypeptide synthesis

what breaks the bond holding the first tRNA molecule to its amino acid

the ribosome

what is translation

the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein

how many proteins are ribosomes composed of

80

how many amino acids are in the human body

20

what is changing the way the gene is expressed without changing the DNA sequence

epigentics - example is winter wheat

transcription factors cannot access their DNA binding sites and gene expression is blocked when what is tightly packed

chromatin

what is point mutation

mutations that change from a single base pair

what comes from the latin word to change

mutation

what is a mutagen

something that can arise from chemical or physical agents in the environment

what are the examples of a chemical mutagen

pesticides, few natural plant alkaloids, tobaccoo smoke, and environmental pollutnats

what are the examples of a physical mutagen

electromagnetic radiation like ultra violet light and x-rays

what mutations helpful or harmful

they are both helpful and harmful

what is a polyplody

the condition in which an organism has an extra set of chromosomes

examples of polyplody plants

limes, bananas, strawberries, citrus, lemons

where is rRNA found

in the ribosomes

where does tRNA go after it has transferred its amino acid to the ribosome

to recycle

how do cells use protein

to maintain cell shape, determine different shapes, and clean the cell

after the ribosome recognizes the stop codon, the polypeptide chain is complete, what happens next

both the polypeptide and mRNA are released from the ribosomes, then the polypeptide folds into the final shape and becomes a protein