Studied by 20 peopleWhat process uses DNA to make RNA
transcription
What is the enzyme that splits DNA in transcriptions
RNA polymerase
What enzyme binds to the DNA strand in transcription
RNA polymerase
What region does the enzyme used in transcription bind in order to initiate the process of transcription
promoters
what is the central dogma of biology
DNA makes RNA, RNA makes protein
RNA
single strand, sugar ribose, u instead of t, synthesizes, and moves freely
DNA
double strand, sugar deoxyribose, t instead of u
Both RNA and DNA
have g, c, a, nucleic acid, made of nucleotides, follows base pairing
what are the base pairings in RNA
A = U, C = G
mRNA
carries copies of protein making instructions, then carries information from the DNA to ribosomes
rRNA
translates instructions in the mRNA into an amino acid chain or polypeptide
tRNA
carries the amino acid to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message
what is transcription
segments of DNA that serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules
what is RNA polymerase
the principal enzyme involved in DNA replication
what is a promoter
the region of DNA with a specific base sequence that indicates where RNA polymerase should bind
what occurs in the nucleus before RNA leaves to go in the cytoplasm
transcription and editing
what is mRNA called before it leaves the nucleus
pre - mRNA
what would help identify the start point in a long line of bases in DNA
the start codon
what are polypeptides
amino acid chains that become proteins
what is the language that the bases of RNA formed called
genetic code
what is a codon
three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid to be added to a polypeptide chain
what would AUG, UGA, ACU, and GAU translate to
UAC, ACU, UGA, CUA
how many bases make a codon
3
what is the sequence of amino acids produced called
primary structure
how many stop codons are there
3
where can the anticodon be found
the end of a tRNA molecule / on the tRNA
what two parts does the tRNA bring with it to the ribosomes
anticodons and amino acids
how many subunits are there to a ribosome
2
how many possible 3 base codons are there
64
what is the ribosomes function
making proteins
where is the ribosome found
in the cytoplasm
why doesn’t DNA make protein
DNA doesn’t have the nucleus and protein is made when it leaves the nucleus
what helps form a peptide bond
polypeptide synthesis
what breaks the bond holding the first tRNA molecule to its amino acid
the ribosome
what is translation
the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein
how many proteins are ribosomes composed of
80
how many amino acids are in the human body
20
what is changing the way the gene is expressed without changing the DNA sequence
epigentics - example is winter wheat
transcription factors cannot access their DNA binding sites and gene expression is blocked when what is tightly packed
chromatin
what is point mutation
mutations that change from a single base pair
what comes from the latin word to change
mutation
what is a mutagen
something that can arise from chemical or physical agents in the environment
what are the examples of a chemical mutagen
pesticides, few natural plant alkaloids, tobaccoo smoke, and environmental pollutnats
what are the examples of a physical mutagen
electromagnetic radiation like ultra violet light and x-rays
what mutations helpful or harmful
they are both helpful and harmful
what is a polyplody
the condition in which an organism has an extra set of chromosomes
examples of polyplody plants
limes, bananas, strawberries, citrus, lemons
where is rRNA found
in the ribosomes
where does tRNA go after it has transferred its amino acid to the ribosome
to recycle
how do cells use protein
to maintain cell shape, determine different shapes, and clean the cell
after the ribosome recognizes the stop codon, the polypeptide chain is complete, what happens next
both the polypeptide and mRNA are released from the ribosomes, then the polypeptide folds into the final shape and becomes a protein
Note
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