2: CLINICAL LABORATORY SUPPLIES (the other half)

Plasticwares

• As plastic material was

refined and made available

to manufacturers, plastic

has been increasingly used

to make laboratory utensils.

Glasswares

• Laboratory supplies

(e.g., pipets, flasks,

beakers, and

burets) consisted of

some type of glass

Class A

• Those that satisfy Class A ASTM precision

criteria are stamped with the letter “A” on

the glassware and are preferred for

laboratory applications.

Class B

• twice the tolerance limits of Class A even if

they appear identical

• are often found in student laboratories

where durability is needed.

Kimax/Pyrex (borosilicate),

Corex (aluminosilicate),

high silica,

Vycor (acid and alkali resistant),

low actinic (amber colored),

standard flint or flint (soda lime) glass used for disposable material.

GLASSWARES

• Glassware found in the Clinical Laboratory usually fall into

one of the following categories:

Borosilicate Glass (Keymax or Pyrex) (thermal resistance) (515 ̊C) ( low alkaline) (heating) (sterilization) (magnesium lime

zinc) (arsenic) (antimony)

(_______________)

• high (____________) glass

• strain point: (____)

•(______) content

• used for (_____) and

(______) purposes

• most commonly used

• free from the (___________) group of elements

o heavy metals:

§ (______)

§ (______)

(Corex (Aluminosilicate)) (6x stronger)

(higher temperature thermometers) (graduated cylinders)

(centrifuge tubes.)

(__________)

• (______)

• a special aluminosilicate glass

that has been strengthened

chemically than thermally

• Ideal for (_____________), (_______) and (__________)

(Vycor) (high temperature,) (drastic heat shock) (extreme chemical) (acids) (alkalis) (900 ̊C) (ashing) (ignition)

(____________)

• Recommended for:

o (_______________)

o (__________) and

o (___________)

treatment with (____) and

dilute (____) except for

hydrofluoric acid.

• can be heated up to (_____)

• ideal for (_____) and (_____)

techniques.

(High silica glass) (Radiation) (precision) (analytical work) (optical reflectors) (mirrors)

(______)

• (______) resistant.

• Ideal for high (_______) and

(______).

• Can be used for (_________) and (______).

(Glass with high resistance to alkalis) (boron-free) (soft glass) (digestion)

(______)

• Another term: (______)

glassware or (____)

• (2) (_______) for strong alkali

solution and (______)

• Less thermal resistance than

borosilicate glass.

• (3) (___________)

(Low actinic glass) (Amber or red-colored)

(_____)

• (_______/______) type of

bottle glasses

• For handling heat labile substances

(Standard flint glass) (soda lime)

(calcium, silicone and sodium oxides)

(sudden changes) (melt) (disposable)

(reagent bottles) (disposable)

(___________)

• It is made up of (________) glass

and a mixture of (_______, _______, _______)

• Poor resistance to high or

(________) in temperature

o easy to (____) and used to

make (_______)

glassware.

• Used as (_________) and

(_______) glassware.

Polystyrene (polyethelenes, polypropylenes),

Tygon,

Teflon,

Polycarbonate resin and

Polyvinyl chloride

The major types of resins frequently used in the clinical

chemistry laboratory are:

CENTRIFUGATION

is a process which centrifugal force is

used to separate solid matter from a liquid suspension.

• Head or rotor

• Carriers of shield that are attached to the vertical shaft of a –

• Motor or air compressor

• And enclosed in a metal covering.

The centrifuge consists of:

• mass,

• speed, and

• radius

Centrifugal force depends on three variables:

(revolutions per minute (rpm), (relative centrifugal force (RCF))

(gravities (g).)

• The speed is expressed in (________________)

and the centrifugal force generated is expressed in terms

of (___________________) or (_________)

RCF = 1.118x10-5 x r x (rpm)2

• The speed of the centrifuge is related to the RCF by the

following equation:

r

• measure it from the center of the

centrifuge axis to the bottom of the

test tube shield or bucket.

1.118x10-5

a constant determined in angular velocity

tachometer or strobe light

• The speed of a centrifuge is easily checked using a

(___________/_________).

(Horizontal-head or Swinging- bucket centrifuges)

(Fixed-angle or Angle-head centrifuges)

(Ultracentrifuges) (friction)

TYPES OF CENTRIFUGE

(_______)	• Allows the tubes to attain horizontal position in the centrifuge when spinning and a vertical position when head is not moving.
(_________)	• Holds the tubes at specified angle, usually 25 to 50 degrees to the vertical axis of rotation.
(_________)	• Are commonly used to separate lipoproteins. • Chamber is generally refrigerated to counter heat produced through (______).

o analytic reagent (AR);

o ultrapure,

o chemically pure (CP);

o United States Pharmacopeia (USP);

o National Formulary (NF); and

o technical or commercial grade.

CHEMICALS USED FOR REAGENT PREPARATION

• Analytic chemicals exist in varying grades of purity:

(Analytic Reagent Grade (AR)

(qualitative) (quantitative analysis)

(American Chemical Society (ACS))

(meet or exceed) (AR or ACS)

(ACS Standard-Grade Reference Materials)

(trace element analysis)

(standard solutions) (analytic laboratory)

(_________________)

• Important for (______) and

(____________).

• Specifications were established

by the (_____________).

o chemical manufacturers will

either (____/____) these

requirements

• Labels on reagents state the

actual impurities for each

chemical lot or list the maximum

allowable impurities.

• The labels should be clearly

printed with the percentage of

impurities present and either the

initials (_______) or the term For

laboratory use or (________________).

• Uses: (_____________)

and preparation of (_______)

• Chemicals of this category are

suitable for use in most (________) procedures.

(Ultrapure reagents) (chromatography) (atomic absorption) (immunoassays) (molecular diagnostics) (standardization)

(HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography)) (chromatographic)

(_____________)

• Have been put through additional

purification steps.

• Examples:

o Spectograde,

o Nanograde, and

o HPLC pure

• Uses:

o (____________),

o (___________),

o (_____________)

o (______________)

o (________________)

o other techniques that

require extremely pure

chemicals

• These reagents may carry

designations of:

o (___________________) or

o (___________) on their

labels.

(Chemically Pure (CP) or Pure Grade) (Impurity limitations) (uniform)

(research and analytical chemistry)

(____________)

• (___________) are not

stated.

• Preparation of these chemicals is

not (______).

• Not recommended for (__________&_______) unless

purification or a reagent blank is

included.

(Technical or Commercial grade) (manufacturing)

(_________________)

• Used primarily in (______).

• Should never be used in clinical

laboratory setting.

(United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF)

(drug monitoring)

• Approved for human

consumption but may not be

applicable for laboratory analysis.

• Purpose: for (________)

• The limitations established for this

group of chemicals are based

only on the criterion of not being

injurious to individuals

• Chemicals in this group may be

pure enough for use in most

chemical procedures; however, it

should be recognized that the

purity standards are not based on

the needs of the laboratory and,

therefore, may or may not meet

all assay requirements.

Water

• (______) is the most frequently used reagent in the

laboratory.

• Because tap water is unsuitable for laboratory

applications, most procedures, including reagent and

standard preparation, use water that has been

substantially purified.

(distilled water) (deionized water) (RO water)

Water solely purified by distillation results in	(______)
water purified by ion exchange produces	(________)
Reverse osmosis, which pumps water across a semipermeable membrane, produces	(________)

(ultrafiltration, ultraviolet light, sterilization, or ozone treatment)

• Water can also be purified by (_____________, _________, _______).

• clinical laboratory reagent water (CLRW),

• special reagent water (SRW),

• instrument feed water,

• water supplied by method manufacturer,

• autoclave and wash water,

• commercially bottled purified water.

Categories based on the specifications needed for its use:

(TYPE I REAGENT WATER)

o flame photometry,

o AAS,

o blood gases and pH,

o enzyme studies,

o electrolyte testing,

o HPLC,

o trace metal and

o iron studies.

(__________)

• used for procedures that require maximum water purity for

accuracy and precision.

• used for ultramicrochemical analyses, measurements of

nanogram or subnanogram concentrations, tissue or cell

methods (microscopy) and preparation of standard

solutions.

• Uses:

• 
  

• 
  

• 
  

• 
  

• 
  

• 
  

• 
  

(TYPE II REAGENT WATER)

hematology, microbiology, immunology and chemistry section.

• For (________, _________, _________, __________)

• Acceptable for preparation

(TYPE III REAGENT WATER) (urinalysis, parasitology and histology)

• For (_________, ________, _________)

• For washing glassware