G10 2Q Research: Chapter 3

Research design

-explains overall structure of a research investigation which follows an order to answer the research
questions or solve the research problems.

-includes research method (quantitative or qualitative) which explains the procedure used in collecting and analyzing data.

- Research Design
- Research Locale
- Mateirals and Equipment
- Research Procedure
- Schematic Diagram

5 Parts of a Research Methodology in an Experimental Research

Research Locale

- shows the place or setting of the study

- It is the place where the research experiment
is conducted.

Materials and Equipment

displays the detailed research materials and equipment to be used in the research.

Materials

substances and elements of which the output is made or composed of

Equipment

apparatus needed in making the research output (machinery, tools)

Research Procedure

is the part that explains the step-by-step process on how to do and accomplish the research output

Schematic Diagram

it shows the representation of the proposed product.

Population

-is generally a large collection of individuals that have a common characteristic or trait and are the main focus of a scientific query.

- Research Design
- Population
- Sample Size
- Sampling Technique
- Research Instrument
- Development and Validation of the Instrument

6 Parts of a Methodology in a Descriptive Research Paper

Population Size

total number of people in the group you are interested in, or in this case, trying to reach with your survey.

Sample Size

-the subset of the population being studied.

-represents the larger population and is used to draw inferences about the population.

Slovin's Formula (n=N/1+Ne^2)

The Formula to Solve for the Sample Size

n

The Variable Used to Represent the Sample Size

N

The Variable Used to Represent the Population Size

e

The Variable Used to Represent the Margin of Error

- Probability Sampling
- Non-Probability Sampling

The 2 Types of Sampling Techniques/Methods

Probability Sampling

it is a type of sampling wherein each sample has an equal probability of being chosen.

- Simple Random Sampling
- Systematic Random Sampling
- Stratified Random Sampling
- Cluster Sampling

it is a type of sampling wherein each sample has an equal probability of being chosen.

Simple Random Sampling

- is the simplest method of probability
sampling.

- it means within a particular study population everyone has an equal chance of inclusion in, and considered 'fair'

- ex. lottery method or random number generator in a computer to choose random numbers.

Stratified Random Sampling

-when the population has different groups (strata) and a researcher needs to ensure that those groups are fairly represented in the sample.

-independent samples are drawn from each group.

-and the size of each sample is proportional to the relative size of the group

Systematic Random Sampling

-respondents are chosen at regular intervals using a sampling
frame.

-the population are put into a list and every nth participant is systematically chosen.

Cluster Sampling

- a way to randomly select respondents from a list that is too large for simple random sampling.

Non-Probability Sampling

-uses non-randomized methods to draw the sample

-mostly involves judgment, instead of randomization.

- Convenience Sampling
- Purposive Sampling
- Quota Sampling
- Snowball Sampling

4 Types of Non-Probability Sampling

Convenience Sampling

-a non-probability sampling technique where respondents are
selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researchers.

-researchers select respondents as per their own convenience.

Purposive Sampling

-also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling,

-a form of non-probability sampling in which researchers rely on their own judgment when choosing members of the population to participate in their study.

-respondents are selected based on the characteristics of a population and the objective of the study.

Quota Sampling

in this sampling method, a pre-planned number of respondents in a specific study is determined.

Snowball Sampling

-also called as chain sampling, chain-referral sampling, or referral sampling.

-a nonprobability sampling technique where respondents recruit other respondents from their acquaintances.

valid and reliable

A good questionnaire should be...

Validity

is the extent to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure.

Reliability

-the extent of a questionnaire that whatever it measures.

-the extent to which a research instrument consistently has the same results if it is used in the same situation on repeated occasions.

- Content Validation
- Face Validation
- Second Run/Final Administration (for descriptive)
- Statistical Treatment of Data (for descriptive)

4 Steps in the development of the questionaire

Content Validation

a stage wherein a pre-research is conducted by the researchers to get the necessary data from primary and secondary sources.

Face Validation

this stage involves experts in analyzing the words, terms and concepts in the questionnaire and agreeing that the questions are valid measure of the study under investigation.

Second Run/Final Administration (for descriptive)

this stage involves the administration of the questionnaire to the respondents.

Statistical Treatment of Data (for descriptive)

this stage shows the step-by-step procedure on how the data were gathered in the research process.

Questionnaire

this is a predetermined set of questions used to collect data. It is intended to provide answers to the research problems of the study.

- Closed-ended question
- Open-ended question

The 2 Types of questions'

Closed-ended question

This kind of question that asks the respondents to choose from a distinct set of pre-defined responses

Dichotomous question

This type of close ended question shows only two options and one is selected. It is generally answered by a "yes" or "no".

Mutliple choice question

This type of close-ended question shows three or more options and only one should be chosen.

Rating scale question

This type of question is usually a 4-point or above rating scale where the respondent is required to indicate a certain extent of condition, degree of judgement, or intensity of feeling, emotion and attitude.

(ex. Likert scale questions)