Study Guide Quizlet for Human Growth and Development Theories Final Exam

With Piaget's take on cognition, what are some of the abilities that occur during the concrete operational stage?

decentration, reversibility, conservation, and class inclusion

What does decentration refer to?

thinking that takes multiple variables into account

What does reversibility refer to?

physical and mental operations can be reversed (e.g., 2 + 3 = 5 can be reversed to 5 - 3 = 2)

What does conservation refer to?

matter can change in appearance without changing quality

What does class inclusion refer to?

understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, subordinate classes

What is an intelligence test?

Test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn.

Originally, intelligence was defined as mental age divided by chronological age, times 100--hence the term intelligence quotient, or IQ

.•Used in schools for educational placement.

•Strongly correlated with achievement.

What did Sternberg propose with his triarchic theory of intelligence?

•Proposed three distinct types of intelligence: contextual (practical), experiential, and componential

What does Erikson's Psychosocial Theory with the Industry vs. Inferiority stage of social & personality development tell us about middle childhood?

-the challenge during middle childhood is to develop a sense of competence and willingness to work towards goal.-attempt to master culturally valued skills and develop a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent.

What is moral reasoning (according to Kohlberg)?

Judgments about the rightness and wrongness of specific actions

What is moral realism?

Belief that rules can't be changed because they come from authority figures; belief that violating rules leads to punishment (young children's beliefs)

What is moral relativism?

Realization that rules can be changed if all agree (as children get older, this develops)

What are the variety of ways in which parents and teachers can support encouraging moral reasoning during middle childhood?

Praise utilization of social conventions.

•Couple punishment with explanations.

•Teach about reciprocity.

•Provide meaningful choices.

•Encourage obedience based in love and respect, not fear.

•Challenge egocentrism.

•Encourage charitable projects.

With Piaget's take on cognitive development during adolescence, what were the characteristics of formal operational thought?

•Fourth and final stage of cognitive development

•Characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas

•Can derive conclusions from hypothetical premises

Adolescents may have the ability to think logically; there are many common obstacles to formal operational thought: adolescent egocentrism, personal fable, invincibility fable, imaginary audience.

How did Erikson's psychosocial theory define identity?

an understanding of one's unique characteristics and how they have been, are and will be manifested across ages, situations and social roles

How did Erikson's psychosocial theory define identity crisis?

emotional turmoil that arises when adolescents' sense of self becomes "unglued" so that a more mature sense of self can be achieved

How does Erikson's stage of identity vs. role confusion explain adolescence?

Identity vs. Role confusion

•Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "Who am I?"

What does Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development tell us during Level 1: Preconventional reasoning?

•Judgments are based on sources of authority—usually parents; The outcome or consequence of an action determines the rightness or wrongness of the action.

Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation

•Physical consequences determine what is right or wrong(If he is punished, it's wrong).

Stage 2: individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

(You should do things that are rewarded and avoid things that are punished.)

What does Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development tell us during Level 2: conventional reasoning?

•Judgments are based on rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs. Right or wrong is based on what the group thinks.

Stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conforming (Sometimes called the good boy/nice girl stage)

Stage 4: individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange•Norms of a large reference group; the stage of social systems or conscience

•Adhering to a complex set of regulations:: morality and legality are equivalent.

What does Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development tell us during Level 3: postconventional reasoning?

•Judgments are based on emergence of a personal authority. Right or wrong is based on internal beliefs

Stage 5: social contracts orientation•Rules, laws, and regulations ensure fairness. Laws may need to be ignored to ensure fairness.

•Civil disobedience: deliberately breaking laws that are believed to be immoral

Stage 6: the universal ethical principles orientation-Explains moral decisions based on universal ethical principles such as the right to life

What do we know about moral reasoning and behavior during adolescence?

•Moral reasoning (what we think) and moral behavior (what we do) are correlated

•Situational factors may determine actual behavior.

Regarding cognitive development, what is post-formal thought?

•Proposed adult stage of cognitive development, following Piaget's four stages.

What is crystalized intelligence?

-Ability to do daily tasks, such as read a newspaper

-Depends heavily on education and experience

-Remains steady throughout early and middle adulthood

What is fluid intelligence?

-Speed measures of abstract reasoning

-Steady decline throughout lifespan

Regarding psychosocial development in young adulthood, what do we know about Erikson's Intimacy versus Isolation Stage?

•Intimacy: the capacity to engage in supportive, affectionate relationships without losing one's own sense of self

•Isolation results from relationships that are inadequate—that feature a lack of self-disclosure—and from unresolved identity crises.

•The developmental task of this stage is to establish intimate bonds of love and friendship.

What is the triangular theory of love?

Sternberg proposed that there are different components and types of love.

Three components of love:

1)Passion - "falling in love"; intense physical, cognitive, and emotional desire, intense romantic or sexual desire, physiological arousal

2)Intimacy - knowing someone well emotionally, feelings of closeness and connectedness, desire to share one's innermost thoughts

3)Commitment - mutual care-giving, shared possessions, time desire to maintain the relationship through good times and bad

In this theory, couples are well matched if they possess corresponding levels of passion, intimacy, and commitment

According to the Triangular Theory of Love, Sternberg Identified seven types of love based on what components are present. What are these seven types, and what do we know about their components?

1) Liking - intimacy only

2) Infatuation - passion only

3) Empty love - commitment only

4) Romantic love - intimacy & passion

5) Fatuous love - passion & commitment

6) Companionship - Intimacy & commitment

7) Consummate love - all 3

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

There are 3 kinds of intelligences

1. analytical intelligence - the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving

2. creative intelligence - the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems

3. practical intelligence - the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful: "street smarts"

Reliability:

Does this method consistently measure what is being studied?

•Example: IQ test yielding "identical" scores when given twice over a two-week interval

•Validity:

Does this accurately measure the variable of interest?

•Example: personality test actually assessing level of openness, neuroticism, extraversion, etc.

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Development influenced by culture

Emphasis on psychological and social forces

Nature-nurture interaction, continuity, individual differences

Erikson's psychodynamic theory of psychosocial development

Personality develops through sequence of stages

Psychological, social, and life-cycle forces crucial; less emphasis on biological

Nature-nurture interaction, discontinuity,universal sequence but individual differences in

Deviation IQ scores

a measure of intelligence that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15

-IQ of 130 would be 2 standard deviations above the mean

-IQ of 70 would be 2 standard deviations below the mean

reliability

the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people

validity

the degree to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure

standardization

the process of giving test to a large group of people that represents the kind of people for whom the test is designed

-Norms: scores from the standardization group

-Most intelligence tests follow a normal curve

intelligence quotient (IQ)

a number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one's mental age by one's chronological age and then multiplying that quotient by 100

IQ = M.A./C.A. x 100

No longer used, we now utilize standardized IQ tests

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

Intelligence Testing

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores

According to Vygotsky children learn within a social context, they need more skilled people to provide _________ as they learn to a new skill.

scaffolding

According to Erikson's psychosocial stages with generativity vs. stagnation, generativity involves interest in establishing and guiding the next generation. Because of this, generativity is associated with which of the following outcomes?

successful marriages and close friendships

altruistic behaviors and work friendships

overall mental health

According to Erikson with ego integrity vs. despair, ego integrity is the sense that one has lived a useful life. What all does a person need to come to terms with?

who you are and have been

how your life has been lived

the opportunities you have gained and lost

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, what is consummate love?

a relationship that has passion, intimacy, and commitment

During early childhood, children are in the _____________ period according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

preoperational

What did Vygotsky call the gap between children's ability to solve a problem independently, and their ability to solve it with the help of more capable partners?

the zone of proximal development

Stan and his wife agree that children should always mind their parents with no questions asked. When their daughter ignores them, they immediately give her a light spanking and say loudly, "Now what did Daddy ask you to do? Do it now!" The parenting style that best fits them is

authoritarian

Analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence as components of

Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence

Adolescents function at this level of cognitive development according to Piaget's theory.

formal operations stage

According to Erikson's theory, what is the stage or conflict that infants must go through during their first year of life (birth - 1 year)?

trust vs. mistrust

Which type of attachment is associated with having more positive social relationships, a high self-esteem, and emotional maturity?

secure

According to Piaget, at about age two, children are in which stage of cognitive development?

preoperational stage

In intelligence testing, a measure of children's performance corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the child's

intelligence quotient

The preschool years include which two of Erikson's stages of development?

autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt

At which level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning are the standards the child uses to judge right and wrong based on sources of authority (such as parents) and determined by the outcome or consequences?

preconventional reasoning

According to Sternberg, all of the following are components of love EXCEPT:

control

3 multiple choice options

According to Piaget, during middle childhood we are in which stage of cognitive development?

concrete operations stage

Which of the following IS NOT a stage of dying according to Kubler-Ross' theory?

minimization

3 multiple choice options

Brea understands that her friends may have different favorite colors and believe different things, but she does not yet understand that individuals do things based on beliefs that may be wrong. According to theory of mind, what is most likely Brea's current phase of development?

she is just beginning to develop theory of mind

Mateo's parents are very warm and encouraging of him. They also let him go where he wants without a set time to be home, and he does not have family chores or responsibilities to complete. This demonstrates what type of parenting style.

permissive