Lower limb/lower limb bones

Os Coxae (hip bones)

Fusion of 3 bones:

o Ilium

o Ischium

o Pubis

o Fusion occurs at puberty; prior to this bones are held together by cartilage at

acetabulum

iliac blade

expansive spread part of fan-shaped region

iliac crest of ilium

superior rim ilium

anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

projection on anterior end of iliac crest

anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

projection inferior to ASIS

Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

projection on posterior end of iliac crest

Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)

projection inferior to PSIS

iliac fossa

medial concave part of ilium

body of ischium

contributes to acetabulum (behind the ischial spine shown in pics)-not likely to be tagged

ischial ramus

joins inferior ramus of pubis to form ischiopubic ramus; forms portion of

obturator foramen

ischial tuberosity

large posteroinferior protuberance on ischial ramus, where hamstrings attach. Where we sit.

ischial spine

small, pointed projection near junction of body and ramus

lesser sciatic notch

concavity between ischial spine and ischial tuberosity

greater sciatic notch

concavity superior to ischial spine

body of pubis

flattened, medial part of bone, near the pubic symphysis where rami attach

superior ramus of pubis

forms part of acetabulum

inferior ramus of pubis

- forms portion of obturator foramen

pubic symphysis

medial surface of body

Obturator foramen

Large oval opening in hip bone

Surrounded by ischial and pubic rami

Closed by obturator membrane

Acetabulum

Large, cup-shaped cavity (socket) on lateral aspect of hip bone

Articulates with femoral head

o Forms hip joint

femur

Longest and heaviest bone in body

Transmits body weight from hip bone to tibia when standing

head of femur

proximal articular part

fovea of femur (fovea capitis)

depression in head for ligament to head

neck of femur

connects head to shaft

greater trochanter of femur

large, lateral mass that projects superior and posterior

Lesser trochanter of femur

medial elevation at junction of neck and shaft

Intertrochanteric line of femur

anterior ridge between greater and lesser trochanters

o Continues posteriorly and inferior as spiral line (2)

intertrochanteric ridge of femur

- posterior ridge joining trochanters

linea aspera

broad, rough line on posterior aspect of shaft

gluteal tuberosity of femur

top of the lateral lip of linea aspera

Medial and lateral femoral condyles of femur

large, inferior end of femur (pics show one)

Intercondylar fossa of femur

depression posteriorly between condyles

Patellar surface of femur

shallow depression anteriorly between condyles

Patella

kneecap

Tibia

Shin bone

On anteromedial side of leg

Articulates with femoral condyles superiorly

Articulates with talus inferiorly, fibula laterally

Transmits body weight to foot

Connected to fibula by interosseous membrane and syndesmoses

Medial and lateral tibial condyles

(only one shown in pic but on both sides)

Intercondylar eminence of tibia

separates articular surfaces, little two bumps

Tibial tuberosity

at superior part of anterior border, where quads attach

Medial malleolus of tibia

medial expansion inferior to shaft

fibula

Lies posterolateral to tibia

No function in weight-bearing

Articulates with tibia superiorly and inferiorly

Articulates with talus inferiorly

Attached to tibia via:

o Interosseous membrane

o Tibiofibular syndesmoses

Head of fibula

most proximal portion of fibula, articulates with tibia

apex of fibula

the point on the top of the head

Lateral malleolus of fibula

enlarged distal end prolonged laterally and inferiorly

Tarsals

Compose hindfoot

7 bones total

talus

No muscular or tendinous attachment

Only bone to articulate with leg bones

Divides body weight between calcaneus and forefoot

Calcaneus

Largest, strongest bone in foot

Transmits majority of body weight from talus to ground

navicular bone

Flattened, boat-shaped bone

Between talus posteriorly and 3 cuneiforms anteriorly

Cuboid

Most lateral bone in distal row of tarsals

Between calcaneus posteriorly and 4th-5th metatarsals anteriorly

Cuneiforms

Each articulates with navicular posteriorly and base of appropriate metatarsal anteriorly

Medial (1st) cuneform

largest of the 3 identically named bones in foot

Intermediate (2nd) cuneform

smallest of the 3 identically named tarsal bones

Lateral (3rd) cuneform

one of the three identically named tarsals that also articulates with cuboid

Metatarsals

Make up forefoot

5 numbered from medial to lateral

1st metatarsal is shorter and stouter

2nd metatarsal is longest (axis)

Phalanges

Make up forefoot

Each digit has 3 (proximal, middle, distal) except great toe which has 2 (proximal and distal)

Parts of phalanges

Base

Shaft

Head