Terms for Final World History II (Mr. Diffley)

Black Death

Bubonic plague

Diseases and holocaust of Native Americans

90% population loss

Columbian Exchange

plants, animals & diseases (know examples)

Chinese Exclusion Act (USA)

A federal law that prohibited all Chinese laborers from entering the United States.

City Planning

The process of designing and organizing urban spaces to improve functionality and aesthetics.

Anglo-Boer War

A conflict between the British Empire and two Boer republics in South Africa from 1899 to 1902.

guerilla warfare

A form of irregular warfare in which small groups use military tactics to fight larger traditional military forces.

concentration camps

Detention centers where large numbers of people are forcibly confined, often under harsh conditions.

Genocide of the Herero

The systematic extermination of the Herero people by German colonial forces between 1904 and 1907.

Open Door Policy

A diplomatic policy aimed at ensuring equal trading rights for all nations in China.

Spheres of Influence

Regions where one nation has significant cultural, economic, military, or political influence over another.

The Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign, anti-colonial uprising in China from 1899 to 1901.

Red Lanterns

Symbolic representations of the women's movement in China during the Boxer Rebellion.

Finance and Industry

The sector of the economy that deals with the management of money and the production of goods.

Conglomerates & Corporations

Large companies that own a number of smaller companies in different industries.

Standard Oil

An American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company founded by John D. Rockefeller.

Zaibatsu

Large Japanese business conglomerates that played a significant role in the economy before World War II.

The Financial Crisis of 1907

A banking panic that led to a severe recession in the United States.

The Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Legislation that created the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States.

The Woman Question—"separate spheres"

A social theory that defined gender roles, suggesting that men and women inhabit different spheres of life.

contraception & abortion

Methods to prevent pregnancy and terminate pregnancies, respectively.

Women's Suffrage Movements

Campaigns advocating for women's right to vote.

Emmeline Pankhurst

A British political activist and leader of the suffragette movement.

Emily Davison

A British suffragette known for her militant tactics in the women's suffrage movement.

Feminism

A movement advocating for women's rights and equality.

Class Conflict

Struggles between different classes in society, often related to economic interests.

Strikes

Work stoppages initiated by employees to express grievances or demand changes.

Rise of Labor Parties

The emergence of political parties that represent the interests of the working class.

British Labour Party

A political party in the United Kingdom that represents the interests of the working class.

German Social Democratic Party (SPD)

A major political party in Germany that advocates for social democracy.

Mexican Revolution

A major armed struggle from 1910 to 1920 that transformed Mexican culture and government.

The Progressive Movement

A social and political movement in the early 20th century aimed at addressing social issues.

World War I

A global war originating in Europe from 1914 to 1918.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests of a particular nation, often in opposition to foreign influence.

Militarism

The belief in building up strong armed forces to prepare for war.

Black Hand

A secret society in Serbia that aimed to create a Greater Serbia through violence.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination sparked World War I.

July Crisis

The diplomatic crisis in July 1914 that led to the outbreak of World War I.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military strategy for a two-front war against France and Russia.

First Battle of the Marne

A significant battle in 1914 that halted the German advance into France.

Machine Gun

A rapid-firing weapon that significantly changed warfare during World War I.

Poison Gas

Chemical weapons used in World War I to incapacitate or kill enemy troops.

Tanks

Armored fighting vehicles introduced during World War I.

Unrestricted submarine warfare

A type of naval warfare where submarines sink vessels without warning.

Total War & Propaganda

A war strategy that mobilizes all of society's resources and uses propaganda to support the war effort.

Russian Revolution

The 1917 revolution that led to the overthrow of the Tsar and the rise of the Bolsheviks.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Russian Revolution and head of the Bolshevik Party.

Bolsheviks

A faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party that seized power in the Russian Revolution.

November 11, 1918 11:11am

The time and date when the armistice was signed, ending World War I.

Paris Peace Conference

The meeting of the Allied victors after World War I to set the peace terms.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th President of the United States, known for his leadership during World War I.

The Fourteen Points

A statement of principles for peace used for peace negotiations to end World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I and imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

War Guilt Clause

A provision in the Treaty of Versailles that assigned blame for World War I to Germany.

War reparations

Payments made by a defeated country to compensate for damages caused during a war.

Interwar Period

The period between World War I and World War II characterized by economic instability.

The Lost Generation

A term used to describe a group of American writers who were disillusioned by World War I.

League of Nations

An intergovernmental organization founded after World War I to maintain world peace.

Mass Production and Mass Consumption

The production of goods in large quantities and the consumption of those goods by a large population.

Assembly Line

A manufacturing process in which parts are added sequentially to create a finished product.

the Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s.

Stock Market Crash—October 24, 1929

The day when the stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.

John Maynard Keynes

A British economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics.

deficit spending

The practice of spending more money than is received in revenue.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

The 32nd President of the United States who led the country during the Great Depression and World War II.

The New Deal

A series of programs and policies designed to promote economic recovery during the Great Depression.

Authoritarianism

A political system characterized by the concentration of power in a leader or an elite not accountable to the public.

Lenin's New Economic Policy

A policy implemented by Lenin in 1921 to stabilize the economy by reintroducing limited capitalist measures.

Joseph Stalin

The leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953.

Collectivization

The policy of consolidating individual landholdings and labor into collective farms.

Five-Year Plan

A government plan for economic development over five years, initiated by Stalin in the Soviet Union.

Stalinist Terror—Purges & Gulags

The campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s, including forced labor camps.

Fascism

A far-right authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power and strong regimentation of society.

Weimar Germany

The German state from 1919 to 1933, marked by political instability and economic difficulties.

Adolf Hitler

The leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) and dictator of Nazi Germany.

Mein Kampf

A book written by Adolf Hitler outlining his ideology and political plans for Germany.

NSDAP- National Socialist German Workers' Party

The political party led by Adolf Hitler that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.

Reichstag Fire

A fire at the German parliament building in 1933 that led to the consolidation of Nazi power.

Enabling Act of 1933

A law that gave Hitler the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag.

Nuremberg Laws

Racial laws enacted in Nazi Germany that discriminated against Jews and other minorities.

World War II

A global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 involving most of the world's nations.

Remilitarization of the Rhineland

The reoccupation of the Rhineland by Germany in 1936, violating the Treaty of Versailles.

Czechoslovakia

A central European country that was invaded by Germany in 1939, leading to its disintegration.

Sudetenland

An area of Czechoslovakia with a significant ethnic German population, annexed by Germany in 1938.

Munich Conference

A 1938 meeting where Britain and France allowed Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland.

Soviet-Nazi Nonaggression Pact

A treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 to avoid conflict between the two nations.

Invasion of Poland

The German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that triggered World War II.

Blitzkrieg

A military tactic used by Germany in World War II that emphasized rapid and surprise attacks.

Battle of Stalingrad

A major battle on the Eastern Front during World War II, marked by fierce fighting and significant casualties.

Battle of Midway

A decisive naval battle in June 1942 that shifted the balance of power in the Pacific Theater.

Normandy Landings—D-Day

The Allied invasion of German-occupied France on June 6, 1944.

Battle of Kursk

The largest tank battle in history, fought in July 1943 between German and Soviet forces.

The Holocaust

The systematic extermination of six million Jews and millions of others by the Nazi regime.

Einsatzgruppen

Mobile killing units responsible for mass shootings of Jews and others during the Holocaust.

"Final Solution"

The Nazi plan for the systematic extermination of the Jewish people.

Zyklon B

A pesticide used by the Nazis in gas chambers during the Holocaust.

Yalta Conference

A meeting of Allied leaders in February 1945 to discuss post-war reorganization.

Potsdam Conference

A meeting of Allied leaders in July-August 1945 to negotiate terms for the end of World War II.

Harry Truman

The 33rd President of the United States who made the decision to use atomic bombs on Japan.

Japanese Expansion

The territorial expansion of Japan during the early 20th century, particularly in Asia.