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what decision did the United States about who would be free
north would be free, south would be slave, they would try to coexist
why did the north oppose slavery
not necessarily for moral reason, but because its bad for business
when was the Louisiana purchase
1803
when was the mexican american war
1848
what was the Missouri compromise 1820
for each new state in the union, one would be free and one would be slave
compromise of 1850
california entered into union as free
utah and new mexico could vote (popular sovereignty)
Keep the North happy by making California a free state, and end the slave trade in Washington dc
strengthen the fugitive slave clause by passing the fugitive slave law that allowed Southerners to recapture slaves in the North, also allowed Utah and New Mexico to vote on whether or not to allow slavery (popular sovereignty)
what question sparked the compromise of 1850
would the new land won in the war with mexico be slave or free?
How do southerners see the constitution in regard to slavery
it explicitly allows for it
what did Calhoun think about the DOI
Hierarchy not equality was the natural order of things, constitution lays out this hierarchy, constitution embodies the true principle value of inequality
Doling out equality too broadly was dangerous and threatened to give a voice in democracy to those who were not equipped to handle it. Which would hurt and weaken society
The freedom of whites rested on the slavery of black people
Paternalism
many founding fathers believed that slavery was a “necessary evil”
what pro slavery advocates believed about the constitution
Fugitive Slave Clause affirms that the founders explicitly sought to protect slavery as a constitutional right of property
The Fifth Amendment was about due process protections of property–not about the liberty of the slave
Why could no compromise be reached about slavery?
Both believed that they had god on their side, that the constitution/DOI was written in their favor
Moderate republicans were against slavery because…
it was bad for capitalism/competition, it was cruel (but not immoral), slavery devalues labor
what were moderate republicans views on equality
white people and black people not equal, not deserving of equal rights
what society was abraham lincoln a part of
american colonization society, supported the idea of shipping emancipated slaves to Africa
what did moderate republicans believe about DOI
proclaimed principles of equality and liberty
what did moderate republicans believe about the constitution
anti-slavery document, constitution affirmed that everyone born free, congress had no right to allow slavery
what event inspired the radical abolitionists
the second great awakening
what do radical abolitionists believe about god + slavery
it goes against god’s wishes, and jesus is coming back to earth very soon and those participating in slavery will be judged
what did radical abolitionists believe about the constitution?
John C Calhoun is right that the Constitution protects slavery
The constitution is not something beautiful, but protecting a corrupt system
what did radical abolitionists believe about the DOI?
Proclaimed the equality of all men
key radical abolitionist?
William Lloyd Garrison
what did radical abolitionists believe was the best way to end slavery
for the northern states to secede from the union
what was the Kansas Nebraska Act
1854
created two new territories
left it up to the people to vote to be slave or free
what was bleeding kansas
1854
slavery supporters burned/looted an abolitionist town
abolitionist John Brown and others retaliated, killed 5 men
senator charles sumner made a speech critizing the south for supporting the k-n act, senator preston brooks beat him with a cane
what was harpers ferry
attempt by john brown to start an armed slave revolt
it failed and brown was hung
becomes a martyr
southerners now paranoid about a slave uprising
when was dred scott v stanford
1854
who was dred scott
enslaved man who moved to Illinois with his master, where slavery was illegal, then moved back to Missouri and filed a lawsuit claiming that his residence in a free state made him free
what were the questions in the dred scott case
Can a black person be a citizen and therefore sue in federal court?
Does residence in a free state make one free?
Did congress possess the power to prohibit slavery in a territory in the first place
who is chief justice in 1854
roger taney
what does taney rule about dred scott case (three thigns)
Black people are not citizens of the US (not just slaves)
Residence in a free state does not make one free, because slaves are always property
Congress never had the power to make slavery illegal in the first place
in what year is lincoln elected
1860
why do the south feel lincoln does not represent them
he won but with less than half of the vote, received no southern votes
how does the south act on their outrage over lincoln's election
spread rumors about him and his ethnicity
who controlled the government for the first 61 years of its creation
the south
when does the civil war end
1865
what were the main conflicts being fought over in the civil war
meaning of American democracy, national identity, citizenship, national unity
what amendment made slavery illegal in the US
thirteenth amendment, passed 6 months after the civil war’s end
during what years was the reconstruction
1865-1877
what changes about the meaning of the constitution after the war
now an anti-slavery document
how did radical republicans view freedom after the war
The vote
right to property, education, fair trials, freedom from discrimination
Equality = Equality of Rights
Cannot just end slavery and have black people compete equally with white for jobs
Goal of civil war to create a racially equal society
Inspired by garrison, brown, second great awakening
how did radical republicans view the federal government after the war
Federal government should promote & protect equal rights
how did moderate republicans view freedom after the war
Free to labor (economic autonomy)
With free labor, every other right would naturally follow
The South would eventually come to resemble the “free society” of the North
Equality = Equality of Opportunity
how did moderate republicans view the federal government after the war
Federal government should give tools to make equal opportunity possible
how did democrats view freedom after the war
Absence of slavery
Every other attribute of citizenship was a privilege reserved for whites
how did democrats view federal government after the war
No need for federal involvement.
which of the four plans for reconstruction are enacted
presidential reconstruction
radical reconstruction
what was the first plan for reconstruction
lincoln’s 10% plan
what was lincoln’s 10% plan
10% of each southern state’s population had to swear loyalty to the US to be a state
southern states could set up new governments
confederate soldiers pardoned
states had to abide by emancipation proclamation
federal government had to provide basic education to black people so they could be competitive in job market
what was the Freedman’s bureau
part of 10% plan
federal government had to…
Provide aid to the poor and aged
Secure former slaves equal treatment before the law
Distribute abandoned and confiscated land for sale to former slaves
lasted 1865 - 1872
who is the leading congressional figure after the war and what party does he belong to
Thaddeus Stephens, radical republican
what does stephens say about lincoln’s plan
too easy on the south, doesn’t thoroughly protect rights of black people
who proposed the wade davis bill
thaddeus stepens
what was the wade davis bill
50% of each state pop had to swear loyalty
confederate soldiers/officials would lose right to vote
states under military regime
states had to grant black people the right to vote
why is the wade davis bill not passed
lincoln vetoes, is too harsh, should not treat states like conquered nations
when is lincoln assasinated
april, 1865
who becomes president after lincoln
andrew johnson
what political party is johnson/ views on slavery
democrat, doesn’t like slavery bc he thinks that it took jobs away from white people
what was presidential reconstruction
called for speedy reintegration to union
every confederate who had more than 20k before war would not be pardoned unless they begged
didn’t see giving black people right to vote as necessary
why is presidential reconstruction passed
congress out of session while Johnson passes it
what were the Black Codes
Laws passed by the new southern governments that attempted to regulate the lives of former slaves
Denied right to testify against whites,
could not have guns
could not vote
Could not be part of army
could not serve on juries
If don’t, then arrested and could be hired out in prison to work for free (on railroads, etc)
what is radical response to black codes
believed that they violated free labor principles of the north
showed South’s inability to accept emancipation, inability to accept the union’s definition of democracy
what four actions fell under radical reconstruction
Civil Rights Act 1866
Johnson vetoes, congress overrides
Reconstruction Act 1867
Johnson vetoes, congress overrides
14th amendment (ratified 1868)
Johnson objects
15th amendment (ratified 1870)
Johnson objects
what was the civil rights bill 1866
First attempt to give concrete meaning to the freedom granted in the 13th amendment
defined all people born in the US as citizens
no state could deprive people of ights to make contracts, bring lawsuits, or enjoy equal protection of one’s person or property
no mention of black people getting a vote
what was johnson’s response to the civil rights bill
he vetos it:
said that the act would centralize power in the national government
Said black people did not deserve the rights of citizenship. By acting to secure their rights, congress discriminated “against the white race”
congress overrides veto
first major law to override presidential veto
what are the three major clauses in the firs section of the 14th amendment
the citizenship clause
anyone born in US is a citizen, can be naturalized
the due processes clause
procedural (what happens if court limits your rights)
substantive (what happens if gov wants to restrict major rights)
the equal protection clause
everyone entitle to equal protection under the law
when was the 14th amendment ratified
1868
what document does the 14th amendment get closer to resembling
DOI
when was the reconstruction act
1867
what was the reconstruction act
divided south into 5 military districts
gave black men right to vote
johnson vetoed congress overode
what plan is the reconstruction act similar to
wade davis bill, conquered nation
when was the 15th amendment ratified
1870
what did the 15th amendment do
gave voting rights to black men (not any women)
what did the wording of the 15th amendment allow for
practices such as literacy tests/poll taxes that legally stripped black men of voting rights
what was the thirteenth amendment
abolished slavery except for punishment of crime, exploited by the black codes
how many black Americans held public office during the reconstruction
around 2000
what was the tenure act
created after republicans outrage by Johnson, looking for a way to impeach him
says that to appoint an official the president must get congressional approve
jonhnson ignored it
when was johnson’s impeachment trial
1868
was johnson impeached
no, saved by one vote, said that it would allow for congress to impeach anyone who they did not agree with
slaughterhouse case - when and what
1873
limited equal protection clause - 14th Amendment only written to give equality to former slaves, not everyone
limited privileges and immunities clause - 14th Amendment only says that states can’t infringe on a few federal privileges, not all
led to separate but equal
Cruikshank case - when and what
1876
Individual action is not regulated by the 14th Amendment
Civil Rights Cases - when and what
1883
The action of private entities is not regulated by the 14th Amendment
Plessy vs. Ferguson - when and what
1896
seperate but equal permissable under 14th amendment
not overturned until 1954
what led to the end of radical reconstruction
radical Republicans replaced by more moderate Republicans
grew tired of trying to control the south, wanted to reach an agreement
what election marked the end of reconstruction
1876
republicans said they would end military control over the south if they allowed for their candidate to win the election
how did the north define freedom
each man enjoys the products of his labor
why did the north see the war as necessary
If democracy hinges on the idea of every man being free, and in this society every man is not free, then there can be no democracy
how did the south define democracy
power to do “as they please with other men, and the product of other men’s labor”
why did the south see the war as necessary
think that black and white people should not be equal, and that god is on their side
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