APES water

What percent of Earth's water is salt water?

97%

What percent of Earth's water is freshwater?

3%

Where is the largest supply of drinking water?

Groundwater

Point Source Pollution

Direct Discharge into water:

-Paper Mills

-Meat Packaging Plants

-Sewage Discharge

Non Point Source Pollution

Indirect Discharge into water:

-Runoff: feces

-Fertilizers

-Leaves

-Grass Clippings

Hypoxia

Not enough dissolved oxygen to support aquatic life

Stratification

1. Nutrient water flows into lake and forms top layer (less dense)

2. Second layer is salty cool water at the bottom and is cut off from its natural supply of O2 because of layer 1

Gulf of Mexico

-Mississippi flows into gulf

-Deposits excess nutrients from fertilizers

-Causes: Algae growth

increased phytoplankton

DO and Temp Relationship

Temp increases DO Decreases

-Cold water can hold more DO than warm water

High levels of fecal coliform

More pathogens

Biological Oxygen Demand

Amount of DO needed by bacteria to break down organic material.

-As BOD increases DO decreases

Organisms that need DO

Sensitive Organisms:

-Fish: Trout and Walleye

• Others such as: invertebrates

bacteria and plants.

-High DO= More biodiversity

Methemoglobinemia

-Blue Baby Syndrome

-Red blood cells can't take in O2 and deliver it to body

-Improper filtering (percolation) in a septic system causes nitrates to get into ground water then our drinking water.

Acidic

pH less than 7

Basic (Alkaline)

-Above seven ph

-Is at an 8 and goes to a 9 mean 10x more basic (one number change)

-Is at an 8 and goes to 14 means 1

000

How can you neutralize acidic bodies of water?

With Limestone (CACO3 calcium carbonate)

Eutrophication

-Excess nutrients in bodies of water

-Caused by landrunoff

-Dense growth of plant life (algae bloom)

-Animals die due to lack of O2

Biomagnification

Increasing concentration of substance because predators eat animals that have that substance in them

Bioaccumulation

-The accumulation of a chemicals in animals

-Takes in faster than can be broken down

Bioremediation

Oil clean up that uses organisms (bacteria) to eat the oil

Dispersants

Adding chemicals to the oil so it can dissolve in the water column (surface to sea)

Advantage: Minimizes spreading of surface oil

Disadvantage: Oil is spread

but not removed

Pelagic Ocean Zone

All ocean regions

Neuritic Ocean Zone

Extends from low tide to the edge of the continental shelf

Thermohaline Currents

-Global Ocean Currents: "Conveyor Belt"

-Driven by density (salinity)

-More salt=more dense

-Sinks to bottom where it gets cold

What organism is responsible for 80% of the O2 production in aquatic ecosystems?

Plankton- get energy through photosynthesis and provide O2

Aquifer

-Underground layer of rock that holds water (groundwater)

-Takes space in rocks that have water filled poured spaces

Permability

-Ability of rock to let water pass through it (sand

Cone of Depression

Over pumping water and lowering the water table. May not have water supply lowers water pressure

Saltwater Intrusion

-Movement of salt water into freshwater groundwater

-Withdrawn faster than being recharged by precipitation.

Ogallala Aquifer

-30% of ground water in this aquifer is used for irragation

-Since 1950 volume has been reduced by 9%

-Using aquifer faster than it can be replenished

Primary use of freshwater

agriculture

Drip Irrigation

-Most effective irrigation

-Pipes deliver water to soil above or below roots "root zone"

-Goal is to minimize evaporation

How does Saudi Arabia get its drinking water?

-Groundwater

-Desalination Plants

Two Desalination Techniques….

1. Reverse Osmosis- removal of salt through membranes

2. Distillation- Removal through boiling

condensation

Greatest % of household water in the United States is used for …

Flushing toilets

Where is the biggest dam in the world?

3 Gorges Dam in China

-Hydroelectric dam but had to make people move in order to build it

2 Primary uses for dams

1. Provide Electricity (hydroelectric dams)

2. Drinking water (for people/crops)

Ways to help conserve water

1. Change Personal Habits

2. Construct Dams and reservoirs

3. Desalinate Water

4. Engineering Systems to Collect More Runoff

Greywater

Water that has been used for cooking

Clean Water Act

Monitors water to make sure it is swimable

1. Regulate the discharge of pollutants into U.S. waterways

2. Attain water quality levels that make these waterways safe to fish and/or swim in

Ecosystem Services Associated with Water

1. Fishing

2. Food Production

3. Photosynthesis

4. Water Cycle

5. Pollination

Pathogens

-Bacteria

-Found in feces runoff to lakes/rivers

-Water with pathogens able to get sick through

1. Drinking it

2. Nose/Mouth

3. Cuts in Skin

4. Ears

Combined Sewer System

Carries both wastewater and rainwater (runoff)

Separate Sewer System

Carries surface runoff and waste water separately. Prevents overflow of sewer system during rainy periods

Wetlands Are….

1. Good to Raise Young: many places to hide

2. Filter Out Pollutants

3. They Soak in water and reduce flooding