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What two types of bones are there? (both are calcified extracellular matrix)?
compact bone and spongy bone
Which bone is dense and used for support?
compact
Which bone forms a calcified lattice/
spongy
What is the end of a long bone?
ephiphysisWha
What is the shaft of a long bone?
diaphysisW
What is the site of bone growth?
epiphyseal plate
What is the mature bone primarily composed of?
collagen
What structure is the collage of the bone composed into?
triple helix structure
What does calcium phosphates hydroxyapatites do for the bone?
provides bones with their rigidity and strength
What is spongy (trabecular) bone supplied by?
extracellular fluid (ECF)
What is compact bone supplied by?
blood vessels in Haversian canals
Where does calcium support calcified matrix of the bone and teeth?
extracellular matrix
How does calcium support extracellular fluid Ca2+?
neurotransmitter release at synapse
role in myocardial and smooth muscle contraction
cofactor in coagulation cascade
“cement” for tight junctions
influences excitability of neurons
How does calcium support intracellular Ca2+?
muscle contraction
signal in second messenger pathways
What are the four parathyroid glands that lie hidden behind the thyroid gland?
left parathyroid glands and right parathyroid glands
What are the target cells or tissues of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
kidney, bone, intestine
What are the target cells or tissues of Vitamin D3?
intestine, bone, and kidney
What should happen to maintain calcium balance?
dietary intake should equal Ca2+ loss in the urine and feces
What are osteoclasts responsible for?
bone resorption (secrete acid and enzyme that dissolve calcium phosphate in bone)
What is the disease that results in bones loss?
osteoporosis
What reflex has a single synapse between the afferent and efferent neurons?
monosynaptic reflex
What reflex has two or more synapses?
polysynaptic reflexes
What type of reflexes are always polysynaptic, with at least one synapse in the CNS and another in the autonomic ganglion?
autonomic reflexes
What organ links the muscle and the tendon consisting of the sensory nerve ending interwoven among collagen fibers?
Golgi tendon organ
What are the blue strings interwoven within the Golgi tendon organ?
collagen fiber
What is tonically active and firing even when the muscle is relaxed?
spindles
What occurs when a load is added to the muscle?
reflex contraction
What is the neuron that receives the signal on efferent path 1?
somatic motor neuron
What is the neuron that receives the signal in efferent path 2?
interneuron
What type of things do not require integration in the cortex?
postural/spinal reflexes, hand and eye movements
What is under the purple box?
somatic motor neurons
What is under the blue box?
autonomic neurons
What is under the purple box?
spinal reflexes
What is under the blue box?
cranial reflexes
What is under the purple box?
innate (inborn)
What is under the blue box?
learned (conditioned)
What is under the purple box?
monosynaptic reflexes
What is under the blue box?
polysynaptic reflexes
What type of movement is this describing?
reflex
What type of movement is this describing?
voluntary
What type of movement is this describing?
rhythmic
What is this descirbing?
spinal cord
What is this descibring?
brain stem
What is this describing?
motor areas of cerebral cortex
What is this describing?
cerebellum
What is this descibring?
thalamus
What is this describing?
basal ganglia
