ANTHRCUL 101 Exam 1

What are the five primary qualities of primates?

Dexterity with grasping hands, visual acuity, large brains, infant dependency, social behavior

Where do apes primarily live?

Central and western Africa, Indonesia

How do Old World monkeys differ from New World monkeys in habitat and size?

Old World in Asia and Africa, larger; New World in Americas, smaller

What distinguishes Old World monkeys from New World monkeys in adaptations?

Old World have sitting patches; New World have grasping tails

What are strepsirhines and their key traits?

Lemurs and lorises: smaller, strong smell, arboreal, nocturnal

What are haplorhines and their primary characteristics?

New and Old World monkeys, tarsiers: larger, forward eyes, great vision, arboreal and terrestrial

How does diurnal activity differ from nocturnal in primates?

Diurnal active during day; nocturnal active at night

What do homologies represent in primate evolution?

Similarities due to shared ancestry

How do analogous traits differ from homologous ones?

Similar in appearance or function but independent of shared ancestry

What defines convergent evolution?

Independent development of similar features in unrelated species

What social structure characterizes chimpanzee groups?

Territoriality, internal hierarchies with males holding power

How do chimpanzees approach conflict resolution?

Through territoriality, violence, and warfare

What is unique about bonobo social organization compared to chimpanzees?

Live in mixed

How do bonobos resolve conflicts differently from chimpanzees?

Primarily through sexual behavior

What is brachiation in primate locomotion?

Swinging from branches using arms underneath

What distinguishes knuckle

walking from bipedal locomotion?

What Greek roots form the word anthropology?

Anthropos meaning humankind, logos meaning study

How is anthropology described as holistic and comparative?

Examines past and present across life's domains

What is familiarization in anthropological perspective?

Making the strange familiar

What does defamiliarization involve?

Making the familiar strange

How does Jaune Quick

to

What are the four subfields of anthropology?

Biological, archaeological, sociocultural, linguistic

What three features does culture produce that make humans unique?

Language, abstract thought and representation, technological innovation

How does human language differ from other forms of communication?

Complex and symbolic, refers to absent things

What enables abstract thought in humans according to cultural features?

Representing ideas through symbols, thinking beyond immediate survival

How does technological innovation characterize human culture?

Builds on inventions across generations, continuous knowledge transmission

What is a cosmopolitan distribution in species?

Found across many regions and habitats, not restricted to one area

What is Sarah Blaffer Hrdy's airplane example illustrating?

Intersubjectivity: sharing emotions and experiences with strangers

What drives human intersubjectivity?

Innate capacity to understand, empathize, and cooperate with others

What defines ultra

social behavior in humans?

Who was Zhang Qian and his contribution to anthropology?

2nd century BCE diplomat; traveled Asia, reports aided Silk Road formation

What role did Herodotus play in early anthropology?

Recorded histories and cultural backgrounds of visited places, especially Persian empire

What is ethnography as a writing type?

Based on prolonged fieldwork in cultural settings, detailing observations and comparisons

When did the development of anthropology begin?

Age of Enlightenment in Europe

What was the initial focus of Enlightenment anthropology?

Finding immutable laws for societies, similar to physical laws

How did colonialism influence anthropology's development?

Aligned with industrialization, evolutionary theories, and European colonial spread

What characterized early anthropological studies under colonialism?

Focused on colonized places; involved knowledge extraction from communities

How did 19th century anthropology differ from contemporary approaches?

Old = Focused on progress to "civilization," ethnocentric, ranked societies, little engagement
Modern = Direct fieldwork, cultural relativism, ethical collaboration, holistic study of human diversity

What key principles define contemporary anthropology?

Direct fieldwork, cultural relativism, ethical collaboration, holistic diversity appreciation

What example illustrates that culture has no single definition?

Interpretations of vampires vary across cultures

How does the Señora de Cao burial demonstrate cultural integration?

Combines weapons, adornments linking gender, power, and symbolism

What is the first element of culture: learned behavior?

Acquired through observation and direct teaching; enculturation into social rules

What does enculturation entail?

Learning a society's social rules and cultural logic, ongoing process

How does culture use symbols?

Associating things with other things, often arbitrarily; meanings context

What makes culture dynamic?

Law

What is the integrated nature of culture?

Interrelated like a spider web; change in one aspect affects others

How does culture shape everybody's lives?

Influences daily experiences through integrated practices and symbols

Why is culture considered shared?

Links people through common beliefs, language, etc.; enables rule

What final element of culture provides a way of doing things 'right'?

Leads to ethnocentrism in judging other practices

What are cultural universals?

Traits existing in every culture, e.g., long infant dependency

What are cultural particularities?

Unique or distinctive traits, e.g., gender reveal parties

What are cultural generalities?

Common in some but not all cultures, e.g., celebrating birthdays

What mechanisms drive cultural change?

Trade, war, independent invention

How did Hatshepsut communicate power in her sculpture?

Through symbols blending gender and authority

What is culture shock in fieldwork?

Panic and confusion from disorientation in unfamiliar settings

What defines qualitative methods in anthropology?

In

What is fieldwork in anthropology?

Long

What distinguishes anthropological fieldwork?

Depth of immersion, understanding culture from inside perspectives

What is participant observation?

Building rapport by actively participating in community life using senses

How does one build rapport in participant observation?

Join activities, take notes, seek engagement opportunities without bias

What are semi

structured interviews?

What is the emic approach in research?

Focusing on local explanations and meanings

What is the etic approach?

Using anthropologists' categories and external analysis

What comprises thick description?

Relevant details, emic cultural context, scholarly analysis (e.g., wink vs. twitch)

Why is informed consent essential in fieldwork ethics?

Explains risks, benefits, purpose, procedures, and impacts to participants

What is the Tuskegee Syphilis Study example of ethical violation?

No consent; withheld treatment from Black men with syphilis

How does the Stanford Prison Experiment highlight ethical issues?

Caused psychological harm; lacked proper safeguards

What ethical guideline involves evaluating risks?

Adopt methods to minimize risks to participants

How does collaboration enhance ethical fieldwork?

Allows feedback, accurate representation, and access to results

What defines a species biologically?

Group that interbreeds and produces viable, reproductive offspring

What is a population in evolutionary terms?

Cluster of same species sharing geography, mating more within group

What was the Great Chain of Being concept?

Ranked, hierarchical order of life forms; unchanging fixity of species

How did the fixity of species justify inequality?

Assumed inherent, natural differences leading to social hierarchies

How does evolution challenge the Great Chain of Being?

Species change over time, disputing fixed forms

What is evolution as adaptive change?

Changes across generations; empirical evidence via well

What key idea did Darwin introduce?

Descent with modification; natural selection; variance within populations

How did Wallace contribute to evolutionary theory?

Co

What is adaptation in evolutionary biology?

Traits enhancing reproduction; context

What does the Modern Synthesis integrate?

Genetics with Darwinian evolution: mutation, natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift

What are genes and alleles?

Genes: DNA segments coding traits; alleles: gene variants, dominant/recessive

How does mutation drive evolution, e.g., sickle cell anemia?

Introduces variation; balances polymorphism against malaria

What role does natural selection play in evolution?

Favors traits improving reproductive success; acts on phenotype, reduces variety

What is gene flow and its evolutionary impact?

Genetic material movement between populations via interbreeding; increases variation, prevents speciation

What causes genetic drift?

Random allele frequency changes from chance events like disasters; reduces variety

What is the biocultural approach?

Intersection of biology, psychology, and culture shaping evolution and environments

What does the AAA Race statement affirm about human genetics?

Humans share 99.9% genetic material; most variation within populations

Why can't race explain human phenotypic variation?

Traits result from genome

How does skin color adaptation relate to latitude?

Melanin protects against UV; varies clinally with sunlight exposure

How does racism biologically affect marginalized people?

Through discrimination and prejudice impacting health and wellbeing

What is scientific racism's legacy?

Racist medical practices justifying inequalities, causing harm (e.g., mothers of gynecology)

What is Social Darwinism?

Misapplication of 'survival of the fittest' to justify social inequalities

What is embodiment in biocultural terms?

How politics and social worlds incorporate into biological experiences

How does Golash

Boza define race?

How does ethnicity differ from race?

Group identity from shared history, culture, religion, language, place

What sources foster ethnic solidarity?

Language, beliefs, religion, name, descent, history, place, lifestyle

How do shared histories create ethnic solidarity, e.g., Rome and Tenochtitlan?

Origin stories build unity, factual or not

What does Smedley argue about race?

No biological basis but significant social impact

What three things is race NOT?

Biological, cultural universal, or ahistorical

What is agency

capacity to have the power/resources to do something

What is ascribed social identity?

Externally assigned based on others' perceptions