marine bio final

what are plankton and where are they found?

Plankton are organisms that cannot swim well enough and instead drifts with tides and currents. They are found everywhere.

What are some physical properties of plankton?

Plankton have an increased surface area to volume ratio, buoyancy enhancements, locomotion appendages, transparency, defensive armor, and mucous sheaths for trapping food

What is the ecological importance of Plankton?

The ecological importance of plankton includes carbon uptake, deep ocean carbon flux, and being a part of the food chain.

what are some major groups of plankton

Some major groups of plankton are bacteria, protists, true algae, crustaceans, gnathiferans, and fishes

What are Viridiplantae

commonly known as green plants; they are autotrophic, possessing chloroplasts derived from green cyanobacteria. They may be unicellular or multicellular.

What are Rhodophyta

commonly known as red algae; they possess water soluble pigments that give them a red hue. they do not store starch in their chloroplasts but rather in the cytoplasm

Stramenopiles (Sar)

Diatoms, most with paired flagella. they make up 50% of the oxygen on the planet. Have 6.7 billion tons of silica from the ocean for making shells. contain chloroplasts with fucoxanthin (brown accessory pigment), have 4 membranes

Brown Algae

stramenopiles, secondarily endosymbiotic, all multicellular organisms

Alveolata (sAr)

Dinoflagellates and all ciliates, have cellulose plates on membrane and paired flagella in grooves, photosynthetic endosymbionts with cyanobacteria, diatoms, and plastids

Rhizaria (saR)

ameboid protists that form elaborate tests (shells), foraminifera: multichambered calcium carbonate shells, Radiolaria: possesses needlelike axopods and form silica shells.

Coccolithophores

productive and abundant, use up lots of calcium carbonate, shells formed by overlapping calcium plates called coccoliths, abundant in sediments, making them important food sources, produced alkenones used to estimate past ocean temperatures

Hydrozoa

dominant polyp form, polyps can form floating colonies, hydromedusae possess a velum

scyphozoa

dominant medusa form, polyps produce medusa asexually (true jellies)

ctenophora

comb jellies, move by cilliated comb rows, tentacles with colloblasts (glue cells)

gnathifera

rotifers, chaetognaths, all have chitinous jaw

pancrustacea

crustacean larvae that are major planktonic predators, Nauplius > Zoea > megalops (or
mysis) > juvenile

Krill!

not decapods, contribute to nitrogen cycle, energy conduits, little genetic diversity, large expansion of genes associated with metabolism and molting

Zooplankton fish properties

transparency and camouflage, buoyancy enhancements (yolk sacs and oil droplets), locomotion appendages, defensive armor sensory and settlement development, vertical ontogenetic migration

what are the most abundant animals in the ocean?

copepod, macroscopic krill

why are crustaceans so successful

segmentation and paired legs, similar to swiss army knife

ecdysis

molting, required for growth and is extremely energy intensive

how do crustaceans communicate?

chemical/pheromone sensing with antennae, pissing

crustacean feeding guilds

some are filter feeders, most scavengers some specialize in clams or snails

crustacean reproduction

mate guarding, males give females a spermatophore, which she will use to fertilize eggs when she uses them.

decapoda

lobster, hermit crab, shrimp, sponge crab

peracarida

amphipods

cirripedia

barnacles

stomatopods

mantis shrimp

primary marine organisms

species that are tied to ocean throughout entire evolutionary histroy

secondarily marine organisms

species that descended from land-dwelling tetrapods but have re-adapted to ocean life

Reptilian and avian salt

drink seawater and expel salt with salt glands

marine mammals salt

metabolic water: breaking down fats and filtering salt using kidneys, can also drink

marine fishes salt

salt filtration via osmoregulation using kidneys/liver

marine non tetrapods

rigid neck, fins, exclusively respire with gills, lateral line and sensory systems

marine tetrapods

flexible neck, limbs with joints, most adults with lungs, no lateral line

agnatha

myxiniformes (hagfish) and petromyzontiformes (lampreys

chondrichthyes traits

cartilaginous skeletons, heterocercal tail, no swim bladder, claspers, gill slits, ampullae of lorenzini

elasmobranchii, carcharhiniforms

most common atlantic coast sharks, oval shaped eyes with nictitating eyelids, dorsal fin close to head, asymmetrical caudal fin, blade like teeth, includes bull, hammerhead, and bonnethead sharks.

elsasmobranchii, lamniformes

Caudal peduncle keel, caudal upper and lower close in size, gill slits that extend to throat, dorsal fin at midline, very small 2nd dorsal and anal fins, no nictitating membrane on eyes, conical head shape, dagger-like teeth, includes white, basking, thresher, and mako sharks.

elasmobranchii, orectolobiformes

short mouth, nasoral grooves, nasall barbels, flat square head, two equal sized dorsal fins, broad uniform teeth, includes nurse, whale and zebra sharks

elasmobranchii, myliobatiformes

whip like tail with venomous barb, small pelvic fins, gills under body with spiricals, smooth body, live young, includes stingrays, cownose rays, mantarays

elasmobranchii, rajiformes

stout tail with toothlike structures, no venomous barb, large pelvic fins, 2 dorsal fins near end of tail, lay eggs in “mermaids’ purse”, includes skates

elasmobranchii, rhinopristiformes

rostrum with 14-37 pairs of teeth, 5 gills slits under body with spiracles, 2 dorsal fins, paired pectoral and pelvic fins

holocephali

jaws fused to cranium, tooth plates, single gill opening, 3 claspers, include batfish/chimeras

osteichthyes, actinopterygii characteristics

swim bladder, diverse body formes, external fertilization, segmented dermal fin rays, no wrist, homocercal or heterocercal tail, diverse scale types

osteichthyes, actinopterygii, percomorpha, sciaenidae

drums, swim bladder highly modified for sound, lateral line that extends to caudal fin, subterminal to inferior mouth, often with sensory pores and barbels, deep notch separating spiny and soft portions on dorsal fin

osteichthyes, actinopterygii, percomorpha, pleuonectiformes

flatfishes, stronglly asymmetrical, greatly laterally compressed, pigmentation concentrated on eyed side, dorsal and anal fins elongated

osteichthyes, actinopterygii, percomorpha, carangiformes

jacks and pompanos, deeply forked caudal fin and narrow caudal peduncle adapted for fast swimming, posterior lateral line armed with enlarged bony scutes, 2 distinct dorsal fins, fusiform streamlined body with strongly developed pectoral fin base

osteichthyes, actinopterygii, percomorpha, scorpaeniformes

scorpionfishes, head heavily armored with ridges and spines, venom glands, large pectoral fins, cryptic coloration, dermal flaps

osteichthyes, actinopterygii, percomorpha, cyprinodontiformes

topminnows, dorsal fin positioned far posterior on body, superior mouth, short lateral line, strong sexual dimorphism

osteichthyes, actinopterygii, percomorpha, gobiiformes

gobies, fused pelvic fins, elongate body, 2 separate dorsal fins, reduced or absent lateral line

osteichthyes, actinopterygii, percomorpha, mugiliformes

mullets, terminal mouth, thick lips, high pectoral fins

osteichthyes, actinopterygii, percomorpha, antheriniformes

silversides, slender long body, large eyes, superior mouth, silver stripe

osteichthyes, actinopterygii, stomiiformes

dragonfishes, photoohores, large mouth and teeth, elongate body, reduced ossification, most numerous vertebrate on planet

osteichthyes, actinopterygii, gadiiformes

cods and hakes, pelvic fins ahead of pectoral fins, chin barbel, soft rayed fins

osteichthyes, actinopterygii, anguilliformes

eels, elgonate, leptocephalus larvae

osteichthyes, actinopterygii, salmoniformes

salmon and trout, fleshy adipose fin, single dorsal fin, maxilla extends beyond eye, anadromous (reproduce freshwater, live in ocean)

osteichthyes, sarcopterygii

coelocanthiformes, lobe fins, diphycercal tail, notochord, ovoviviparous, rediscovered by majorie courtenay-latimer

Testudines

sea turtules

squamates

snakes, kraits, iguanas

Charadriiformes

gulls, terns, skimmers

pelecaniformes

pelicans, herons

procellariiformes

albatrosses, shearwaters, petrals

suliformes

boobies, cormorants, frigatebirds

sphenisciformes

penguins

cetacea

whales

sirenia

manatees and dugongs

mustelidae

otters

pinnipedia

seals, sea lions, walruses

Phylogeography

historical processes shaping species distributions using the tools of genetics

biogeography

the scientific study of the distribution of species and ecosystems across geographic space and through geological time

genetic load

reduction in average population fitness due to genetics

mutation load

recurrent mutations

inbreeding load

recurrent recessive mutations

drift load

accumulation of weakly deleterious mutations that selection is too inefficient to purge

total load

measure of all deleterious mutations harbored, expressed or not

realized load

measure of only expressed mutations (reducing fitness)

what is the difference between polyplacophorans and gastropods

polyplacophorans have oscelli (compound eyes) and do not go through torsion

name the 5 main groups in echinodermata

echinoidea, crinoidea, asteroidea, ophiurodea, holothuroidea

what is a unique anatomical system that echinoderms possess

water vascular system

what are the major forms of marine vertebrate reproduction

land and ocean copulation and broadcast spawning

what is the difference between sea snakes and kraits

sea snakes are viviparous while kraits are oviparous

what is a critical habitat

specific geographic areas that are essential for the conservation and recovery of a certain species

what concept was famously promoted by sylvia earle

Hope spots; create a human connection to marine environments, essentially a marine national park

what is nutrient pollution and how does it impact ecosystems

the leaking of anthropogenic chemicals/sewage into marine ecosystems causing eutrophication, algal blooms, and dead zones

what is biomagnification?

when a chemical increases in concentration as it moves up the foodweb

what is a molecular clock

the rate at which mutations occur

what is an ecoregion

A relatively large area with similar environmental conditions and characteristic biological communities.

what kind of distributions might a species have

cosmopolitan, endmenic, circumx, disjunct

what is ecological niche modeling

a computational method that uses known species locations and environmental data to map a species potential geographic distribution

what is an ecotype

individuals of the same species but with different traits due to local adaptations

what is inbreeding depression

when there is a reduction in fitness due to an expressed homozygous mutation in a species