Lifespan exam 1

What is the scientific study of the processes of change and stability throughout the entire human lifespan?

Human development.

Which prenatal stage spans from conception to 2 weeks and involves rapid cell division and implantation?

Germinal stage.

What is the term for a fertilized ovum?

Zygote.

In genetics, what type of twins result from the division of a single zygote and are genetically identical?

Monozygotic twins.

What is the clinical term for environmental agents like viruses or drugs that can cause developmental abnormalities in a fetus?

Teratogens.

Which prenatal stage lasts from 2 to 8 weeks and is characterized by the rapid growth of body systems and organs?

Embryonic stage.

What event marks the transition from the embryonic stage to the fetal stage at approximately 8 weeks?

The appearance of bone cells.

What is the average weight and length of a newborn in the United States?

7.5 pounds and 20 inches long.

On the Apgar scale, what does the 'Grimace' sign specifically assess?

Reflex irritability.

Which principle of physical development describes skills progressing from the head down to the toes?

Cephalocaudal.

According to typical physical milestones, by what age should an infant double their birth weight?

6 months.

Which sensory system is the most mature at birth and is the first to develop?

Touch.

What term describes the brain's ability to be 'molded' or modified through environmental experience?

Plasticity.

By what age are almost all infants able to keep their heads erect while being held in a sitting position?

4 months.

What is the difference between gross motor skills and fine motor skills?

Gross motor involves large muscles (running), while fine motor involves small muscles (hand-eye coordination).

At what age range does an infant typically use a 'crude pincer grasp' using the thumb and index finger?

8 to 9 months.

According to Erikson, what is the primary psychosocial conflict during infancy (birth to 18 months)?

Trust versus Mistrust.

What term describes a toddler's use of a single word to convey a complete thought, such as saying 'Daddy' to mean 'Where is Daddy?'

Holophrase.

At what age do toddlers typically say their first sentence consisting of two words?

18 to 24 months.

What is 'telegraphic speech' in toddler language development?

Sentences consisting of only a few essential words, omitting non-essential parts of speech.

According to Piaget, which cognitive stage occurs from birth to age 2 where infants learn through senses and activity?

Sensorimotor stage.

What is the Piagetian term for the realization that an object exists even when it is hidden from view?

Object permanence.

What nutritional phenomenon describes a toddler's fluctuating appetite where they may eat heavily one day and almost nothing the next?

Physiologic anorexia.

What are the four areas of readiness a child must demonstrate before beginning toilet training?

Physical, mental, psychological, and parental readiness.

In Erikson's theory, what is the major psychosocial challenge for toddlers (18 months to 3 years)?

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt.

What virtue emerges from the successful resolution of the Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt stage?

Will.

At what age do children typically begin to lose their 'babyish roundness' and take on a leaner appearance?

3 years.

By age 5, what is the average number of hours of sleep a child in the U.S. typically needs per night?

11 hours.

What is the medical term for repeated involuntary urination in clothing or bed during early childhood?

Enuresis.

From ages 3 to 6, which area of the brain experiences the most rapid growth to support planning and goal setting?

Frontal areas.

What is the primary gross motor milestone achieved by the end of age 3 involving a three-wheeled vehicle?

Pedaling a tricycle.

What fine motor skill is typically mastered by the end of age 4 that involves cutting paper?

Using scissors.

According to Piaget, what is the second major stage of cognitive development (ages 2 to 7)?

Preoperational stage.

What is 'centration' in preoperational thought?

The tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation while neglecting others.

In early childhood, what is 'egocentrism'?

The inability to consider another person's point of view.

What is 'conservation' in Piagetian theory?

The awareness that two objects remain equal even if their appearance is altered, provided nothing is added or taken away.

What term describes a child's awareness of their own mental processes and the mental processes of others?

Theory of mind.

According to Erikson, what virtue emerges during the 'Initiative versus Guilt' stage (ages 3 to 6)?

Purpose.

What is the leading cause of death for young children in the United States?

Accidents (unintentional injuries).

In Vygotsky's theory, what term refers to the temporary support given to a child to help them master a task?

Scaffolding.

What is 'prosocial behavior'?

Any voluntary behavior intended to help others.

In Freud's psychosexual theory, which personality component operates on the 'pleasure principle' and governs newborn behavior?

The id.

According to Bronfenbrenner, which level of the bioecological theory includes the interaction of any two microsystems, such as home and school?

Mesosystem.

What is 'imprinting' as defined by Konrad Lorenz?

An instinctive form of learning where a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees.

Which principle of life-span development suggests that development can take many forms and results in gains in some areas and losses in others?

Development is multidirectional.

What is 'physiologic anorexia' in the context of toddler nutrition?

A decrease in appetite corresponding to a slowed growth rate.

By age 6, what percentage of its peak volume has the human brain typically attained?

90%

What is 'transduction' in preoperational children?

Mentally linking two phenomena as having a cause-and-effect relationship, regardless of logic.

What is the primary difference between dizygotic twins and monozygotic twins?

Dizygotic twins come from two different ova/sperm, while monozygotic twins come from a single split zygote.

What is the definition of 'internalization' in moral development?

The process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own.