Chapter 5 - Moving Toward Independence

*———- an economic and political policy whereby a nation tries to gain greater wealth and power than its rivals

Mercantilism

Nations tried to establish a —— —— —— —— which meant that as a country they were exporting more than they were importing. Once this was established countries who believed in ——- could become self-sufficient, —— and build a powerful —— and ——-.

favorable balance of trade, mercantilism, wealthy, army, navy

Britain believed that the —— would make them ——— (mercantilism) due to four main factors: the colonies would provide them with ——-, with a —— to sell goods, it would help to strengthen their —— of ——, and it would help them expand their —- —- ——.

colonies, stronger, materials, market, fleet, ships, royal navy bases

The British government established laws that kept all ——— based in England they even tried to prevent skilled —— from leaving Britain due to the fear that the colonies would start their own ——- .

manufacturing, workers, industries

The —— ——- stated that all goods must be carried on either british or colonial ships. This lead the colonists to build more —- and strengthen the British ——.

navigation acts, ships, fleets

The —- —- —- —— listed colonial products that could only be sold to England and no other European countries that might have offered a better ——.

navigation Act of 1660, price

*——- payments the english government was making to stimulate the production of certain goods in the colonies that met their needs over in England.

bounties

The —— —- —- —— stated that colonists must buy their most of their manufactured goods from ——. It also said that all european goods that were headed to the colonies must be stopped in England first and be reloaded onto an —— ——.

Navigation act of 1663, England, English Ship

*—— —— the materials the British would collect for themselves when loading european goods onto english ships now headed for the colonies.

import duty

Mercantilism deepened the rivalries between European nations and was the cause of a long war between —- and ——.

Britain, France

Mercantile policies created —— within the British Empire, threatened the prosperity of the new england and middle colonies since they produced —— —— to those produced in england and laws were passed keeping them from selling those products to ——.

friction, similar goods, england

The —— —— —— were a major source of income for colonial merchants. The trade was along africa, the west indes and the caribbean sea.

triangular trade routes

The —— —- —- ——- stated that the colonists had to buy sugar from the —- —— and if they imported it from anywhere else they had to pay a high ——. This British colony could ——- ——- the colonial americans with nearly enough sugar, so merchants decided to go —- the law

molasses act of 1733, west indes, tax, not supply, against

*—— —- the policy of England deliberately not enforcing the mercantile laws specifically the molasses act

salutary neglect

The British Empire was growing rapidly and so it faced three main new problems: the —— for ——. The question of what to do with —— and ——-. The question of what to do with the area —— of the ——- ——-.

need, money, Canada, Florida, west, appellation mountains

The —- —— —— lead a group solely interested in the fur trade. They believed settlers should be —— to move west of the appellation mountains.

Hudson Bay Company, prohibited

Other colonists believed that the government should open up the land to the —— to —— farmers and land speculators

west, pioneer

*—— —— where people who bought land hoping for a quick profit from its resale.

land speculators

*—— —— occurred due to the fact that all the land westward belonged to the Indians. The Indians feared that they would continue to be —- —- —-. So the Indinas joined forces under ——- leadership and destroyed —— ——. For years the west was in a desperate struggle but eventually the —- won back the forts and the Indians accepted generous —- ——. The rebellion was over but they still didn’t know what to do with this land.

Pontiac’s Rebellion, steadily pushed west, Pontiac’s, English forts, English, peace terms

King —— surrounded himself with those who wanted to ——- him. England did not have a —— —— and there problems still existed.

George, satisfy, strong leader

The British argued that they had —— the colonists from the French and Indian war and that the colonists should —— for their —— but the colonists wanted to be left —-.

saved, pay, defense, alone

*—— ——- became the prime minister of New England and attempted to put England on sound footing by passing laws.

George Grenville

Grenville was —— that the colonists did —— want to help him help England. Instead they were —— about his attempts and resisted

surprised, not, angary

the ——- ——- ——— ordered the settlers to temporarily withdraw from all lands west of the appellation mountains

proclamation of 1763

The proclamation of 1763 put all western —- —- under royal control. It was passed to give the English ——- time without —— —- to develop a plan for the colonies.

fur trade, government, Indian conflict

*the —— —— was like the molasses act except this act was —— ——-. It also presented a smaller —— to make it less enticing to disobey the law. The British had —- —- inspecting all colonial ships. This made —— very mad since they were losing profit. Thought it would help with English —- and support production in the —- ——.

sugar act, heavily enforced, duty, naval patrols, merchants, taxes, west indes

The —— —— forbid the colonists from issuing their own paper money. It the required the colonists to pay all their taxes to great Britain in —- or —-. This upset the —- —- —- putting it in Britian’s favor.

currency act, silver, gold, balance of trade

The —— —— was passed when colonists were very ——. It forced the colonists to let the English soldiers into their homes.

quartering act, angary

The —- —- had the same goal as the sugar act except it levied taxes on college diplomas, newspapers, advertisements, legal documents, etc. (had to have a large stamp to show he tax had been paid)

stamp act

Grenville was mad about how —— the colonists were concerning the —- —- when he had informed them about it a year prior and they said nothing. The reason they got so mad was because this was a —- —- not a —- —- that was hidden in the price o the object they wanted to purchase.

angary, stamp act, direct tax, indirect tax

The colonists believed taxation was only okay if it was determined in their own ——. Great Britain believed in ——- ——- which meant that even though the colonists had no one representing them in parliament they were still being represented since they were ——- ——- and they weren’t the only group without direct representation.

assemblies, virtual representation, English subjects

The —- —- —— occurred when 9 colonies met in —- —— to vow to resist all taxes levied without the consent of their own colonial legislatures

stamp act congress, new york

Many merchants adopted ——— ——- which said that colonists were deciding not to import or buy British goods.

nonimportation agreements

The nonimportation agreements quickly hurt —- —— and lead them to plea to the king to repeal the —- ——.

English merchants, stamp act

The —- —- —- were colonial societies that rioted in large town, they destroyed the offices of —— —- —-, burned ——, destroyed the homes of royal officials, etc. all done under the justification that they were —— their —- as british subjects

sons of liberty, stamp tax collectors, stamps, protecting, rights

King George thought the rioting was —— —— while other wealthy Englishmen —— with the colonists and demanded a —— along with the ——-. Eventually they were successful and under —— ——- repealed the act.

very serious, sympathized, repeal, merchants, pressure parliament

The —— ——- stated that parliament had full power and authority to make laws to bind the colonies and the people of America in all cases what so ever

Declaratory Act

*—— ——- the new prime minister of England established the —— ——- to again try and raise revenue from the colonies to help pay English taxes.

Charles Townshend, Townshend Acts

The Townshend acts levied taxes on —- —— that were used everyday in America. They thought their would be less resistance since these were —- ——.

imported goods, indirect taxes

To enforce the Townshend acts —- —- —- were established basically search warrants but illegal that let British officials search colonists homes, businesses, etc.

writs of assistance

For many years colonists protested the writs but ——- then made them officially ——. The colonists couldn’t stop the officials now but they did —— against the writs and many colonial courts —- to —- them.

parliament, legal, protest, refused, issue

Colonists in —- —- refused to let —- into their homes, parliament responded by taking away their ——-.

new York, soldiers, assemblies

*—- —— led the legislature of —— to draft a letter to the other colonies urging them to unite in resistance the colonies who endorsed the letter quickly were —- and ——- parliament responded by to taking away their —- ——.

Samuel Adams, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, representative government

many colonial leader protested in —- other signed new —— ——- to hurt british merchants again.

writing, non-importation agreements

Some colonists weren’t content with just written agreements and protested —— they attacked officials, smashed ——, called soldiers ——, threw —- —- with ——.

violently, ships, names, snow balls, rocks

The —- —— was the first large ouburst from the colonists that escalated —— ——- was a former slave who escpaed and was one of the first colonists killed on the road to independence.

Boston massacre, crispus attucks

After the boston massacre the colonists were fueled with ——. But the soldiers were allowed a —- —— under the american lawyers of —- —- —- and —— —- who although they had no sympahtey for the english did judge most of the soldiers as innocent.

anger, fair trial, josiah quincy jr., john adams

*—- —- —— became the prime minister of england during this period of rage from the colonists. Because the non-importation agreements had started up again he decided to —- the —— ——-.

lord Frederick north, repeal, Townshend acts

In the —— —— colonists attacked the british revenue ship. what was important about this attack was the fact that the british announced the accused colonists were to be —— —- ——.

gaspee affair, tired in england

*—— —- —— was the royal governor of massachusetts and he declared that the british crown now must pay the governors this freed the judges and governors of the massachusetts ——-.

governor thomas hutchinson, legislature

*—- —— led citizens in Boston to hold a special meeting called  a —- —- —- that was presided over by —- —-. The purpose of this meeting was to —— the world and other colonies about what was happening in Massachusetts. 

samuel Adams, Committee of correspondence, james Otis, inform

Prominent leaders such as, —- ——, —- —-, —— —-, and ——- —— —— began their own committees of correspondence in the other colonies

james otis, thomas jefferson, Patrick henry, richard henry le

The —- —- was put in place as a —— that English ——- had the power to —- the colonists. this made the colonists very angary so they stopped buying british tea leading the —- —- —- —- to run into trouble since members of parliament had shares in this company they decided to loan it a lot of money and greatly lower the price of tea, the colonies didn’t fall for it it actually just hurt —- —- —- making them even more made, eventually leading to the —- —- —— where boston colonists dressed up as —— and throw crates of tea into the Boston harbor.

tea act, symbol, parliament, tax, british east india company, colonial tea merchants, boston tea party, indians

As a result of the boston tea party, england established the —- —— known by the colonists as the —— ——-.

coercive acts, intolerable acts

The intolerable acts included 4 laws, the first —— the —— —— the second revoked the right to hold —- —- in ——-, the thrid was a new —- ——, and the fourth allowed British officials to be tried in ——.

closed, Boston harbor, town meetings, Massachusetts, quartering act, England

general thomas gage was sent form England to America to enforce the —- —- and to act as governor of ——

intolerable acts, Massachusetts

Th e—- —- was a fairly good law that expanded the borders of —— but still made the colonists —— they also tried to order the country by no longer allowing —- —- to continue. 

quebec act, canada, angary, french laws

The first —- —— was formed of delegates from all the colonies except ——. still —- any thoughts of independence at this time, but they demanded —— in —- ——. The delegates pledges —- —- to each other and said they could meet again in a year if conditions didnt change.

continental congress, georgia, denied, change, british policies, mutual support

In the —- —- —— colonies agreed to not sell goods to —- —- or the —- —— if the british would not make compromises by January.

road to action, great britian, west indes