History

Midterm

What is the differences between evolution and mythologies when it comes to existences

Evolution

• - Darwin's origin of species

• - mutations in gnees

• -all humans are descendants of African heritage

Mythologies

• gods and dieites exist

• humans are created from the gods

• creates religion

• have seperation of humans and other organsims

What is a rough cladogram of humans similar apes

→ gorilla

———-→ chimps

———-—> humans

What is a hominin

a human like creature that had a big brain and bipedal movement

Why did hominins evolve

the came about as environmental changes caused major rainforest or other forest to become savannahs, flatlands and other habitats with less trees

What are some key adaptations of hominins

• - bipedlism

• -thumbs

• - enlarged brains

• - daily life of gathering

What are some early hominins

1. Australopithecus

2. Taung Child

3. Lucy

What is the rough evolution of hominins

Started with homo habilis

then homo erectus

then replaced by homo heidelbergensis

then replaced by both Neanderthals and homo sapiens

What was important about the introduction of the homo erectus

they have babies being born smaller so they could fit through the birth canal because their brains were so big and were better at using tools

What is important about the homo sapiens

they came about 200,000-150,000 years ago

bigger brians

taller skulls

better lanauge

bother hunter and gatherer

used stone tools

had soical organizations

What is important about the first great homo migration

happened 2 million years ago

allowed homo erectus and others to move out of Africa into Europe, Asia,

allowed homo heidelbergensis to leave and evolve into homo sapiens

Whats important about the second homo migration

happened 100,000 BCE

allowed homos to move throughout Europe and Asia again, but also reach North America and the Oceania islands, as they used boats/rafts and the great ice bridge

This is the only time before Christopher Columbus that homos made it to the Americas

Whats important to know about the neanderthals

they buried their dead

used tools

hunted

lived in caves time to time

What caused the extinction of the neanderthals and why

homo sapiens as they were taller and could run faster

homo sapiens used dogs for hunting

last group was killed in Spain by the Cro Magnon group of homo sapiens in 25,000 BCE

What is special about agriculutre society

• came about 12,000 years ago

• allowed for cultivation of seeds and domestication of animals

• happened 9 separate times

• formed Pastoralism where heard of domestic animals are moved around in the same place

• formed nomadic pastoralism which used horses to heard animals across huge swaths of land

Who are the Natutian people

• they were the some of the first people to make towns

• grew figs and grains

• used stone tools

• biggest settlement was in jerricho

What was Catahoyuk

• another one of the first towns, but in turkey

• startedv around 6000 BCE

• emergence of social stratification

• moved across the roofs of their houses instead of roads

What is Banpo

• Chinas first town

• was built on the yellow river valley

• found evidence of growing cabbage and rice

• found evidence of kilns, tools, and tombs

What makes a society complex

• large scale units with thousands of inhabitants

• hierarchy

• surplus of goods

• elaborate division of labor

• citeies and states

• trade networks

• writing

• religion tempeles and gods

When did true cities emerage

after 4000 BCE

What is important about mesopotamia

• the had plows invented around 3800-3100 BCE

• used bronze tools

• around 3500 BCE wheels were invented

• created irrigation to better control the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

• rich in grains

• exist where Iraq, Syria, and turkey are today

What is important about the City of Uruk

• had ziggorots for the gods

• had diversified occupations

• a high trade center

• lots of beer brewing

What is important about Mesopotamia writing and when did it come about

• started out is cuniformes (wedge shape symbols in 3300 BCE)

• eventually turned into phonetic symbols by 700 BCE

What is known about Gilgamesh

• He was a possible king of Uruk between 2700-2500 BCE

• His story is told by poem on 12 different cuneiform tablets

What is known about war in Mesopotamia

• they used bows, axes, shields, helmets

• the farmers did the fighting

• around 2100 BCE chariots appeared

• The Sumerians fought the Assyrians

What was the worlds first empire and what’s important about its emporer

• this empire was ruled by Sargon

• he unified all of the land around Mesopotamia in 2340 BCE

• had his daughter married off to the moon god in the city of Uruk

• kingdom collapses after his death

What is an empire

a ruler who controls subjects with different languages and traditions

When did Egypt arise as a empire

3000 BCE

Who was the first ruler of egypt

King Narmer

Who did the Egyptians fight often and why

the Kingdom of Kush for gold

What’s important about egyptian after life

• Everyone had a Ka, or spiritual life force

• Mummification helps preserve the body for the afterlife

• pharaohs had pyramids built for their aftelife

• there was a constant change of gods for the afterlife from Ra to Anubis to Osirois

What is important about Egyptian writing

• its in hieroglyphics which have a mix of symbols that could be sounds, words, or clues/actions

• hieratic and demotic scripts were simpler versions

• only 1-2% read and write

• most scribes were men

What is the order of Egypt’s kingdoms

Old kingdom

First intermediate period

Middle Kingdom

second Intermediate period

New Kingdom

When did the Old kingdom of Egypt arise and whats important about it

• arose 2600-2180 BCE

• a large time of prosperity

When was the first Intermediate period of Egypt arise and what’s important about it

• happened during 2180-2040 BCE

• was caused from a low amount of water in the Nile for food and crops

When did the middle kingdom arise in Egypt and what is important

• arose during 2040-1782 BCE

• Mentuhotep II reastablished central rule

• increased trade with Nubia

• conquered Nubia and Palestine

When did the Second Intermediate period arise in egypt and why

• 1782-1570

• caused by the Hyksos invading Egypt

  • Hyksos ruled over Egypt

• Hyksos used chariots to invade

When did the New kingdom arrise in Egypt and why

• arose 1570-1069

• Egypt recaptured Nubia and destroyed the Kush kingdom

• Hatshepsut was the only female pharaoh during the 18th dynasty

• started building temples in the valley of the king

• Akhenaten a pharaoh banned all worship of gods besides the Aten the sun disc of Ra

• Nefertiti was a powerful ruler during the 20th dynasty

• had good trade with Crete and Cyprus and Anatolia

• 1069 Egypt fragments again

What is the Levant

the location on the eastern Mediterranean areas such as modern day Israel, Jordan, and Palestine

Who were the first people to have control over the Levant

the Hitties

What did the Hittis do

• use iron

• sacked Babylon in 1595 BCE

• Battle of Kadesh 1285 causing a peace treaty with egypt

• Used Indo-europe lanauge

When was the downfall of the Hittis and why

1200 BCE by outsiders

Who were the Philistines

• were known as the Sea People

• came about around 1300 BCE

• were absorbed and assimilated into other Levantine populations like Egypt and the Hittites

• They created 5 Major cities, one being Gaza

Whats known about the Hebrews

• were migrants from the Levant to Egypt

• followed the old testament like Abraham and Moses

• Settled in a region called Canaan betewen 1300-1100 BCE

• Started as polytheism but moved to monotheism of Yahweh

• Had a kingdom 1030-1010 under the rule of King Saul

• After 931 King Solomon rule the kingdom split into two Judah (south) and Israel (north)

• in 721 BCE the Assyrians from northern Mesopotamia attacked and took control of Israel and dispersed the population

What is Known about the assyrian Empire

• were around from 911-612 BCE

• Started as a trade city in Assur

• Conqured Southern Mesopotamina, Israel, and parts of Judah and Egypt

• used chariots and iron

• had a cruel unishment for those who didnt follow them

• Last king of Assyrian was King Asshurbanipal who also created the first libarbay, private though

• Slavery was begining to be common

• in 612 BCE Medeans from the northwest Iran sacked them and breaks them apart

What’s known about Neo Babylonians

• established in 612 BCE

• Deport Hebrews to Babylon

• Nebuchadnezzar II was the most powerful and extended rule all the way to the Levant

Whats known about what the Hebrews did while captive by the Neo Babylonians

• created the Torah, first 5 books of the old testament

• was ended and returned to Israel and Judah after Persian empire captures Babylonians and releases them

• Jews started to exist as members of the Nation of Judah

Whats important about the Babylonian empire

• emerged from 1894-1595 BCE

• Led by Hammurabi 1792-1750

• Created some of the first known laws

• developments of astronomy and mathematics

• Hittits ransacked them

• used a based 60 system