Chapter 7 Brain and Behavior

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47 Terms

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smooth muscles

control the digestive system and other organs,

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skeletal muscle

Control the body in relation to the environment

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Cardiac muscles

Control the heart

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neuromuscular junction

a synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber.

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antagonistic muscles

opposing sets of muscles that are required to move a leg or arm back and forth

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flexor

muscle brings your hand toward your shoulder

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extensor

muscle straightens the arm

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fast twitch fibers

muscle fibers that contract rapidly and forcefully but fatigue quickly

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slow twitch fibers

muscle fibers that contract at a slow rate and have very good endurance

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aerobic

use oxygen during movements

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anaerobic

using reactions that do not require oxygen at the time but need oxygen for recovery

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proprioceptor

a receptor that detects the position or movement of a part of the body—in these cases, a muscle.

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stretch reflex

muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle

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muscle spindle

a receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch.

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Golgi tendon organs

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change

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Reflexes

consistent automatic responses to stimuli in- sensitive to reinforcements, punishments, and motivations

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ballistic movement

motion that proceeds as a single organized unit that cannot be redirected once it begins

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central pattern generators

neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output.

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motor program

a fixed sequence of movements

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primary motor cortex

the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement

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posterior parietal cortex

monitors the position of the body relative to the world

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supplementary motor cortex

important for planning and organizing a rapid sequence of movements

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premotor cortex

area of the frontal cortex, active during the planning of a movement

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Prefrontal cortex

also active during a delay before a movement, stores sensory information relevant to a movement

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antisaccade task

a voluntary eye movement away from the normal direction

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mirror neurons

Neurons that are active both during preparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or a similar movement

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corticospinal tracts.

Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

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lateral corticospinal tract

a set of axons from the primary motor cortex, surrounding areas, and midbrain area that is primarily responsible for controlling the peripheral muscles

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red nucleus

A large nucleus of the midbrain that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord.

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medial corticospinal tract

set of axons from many parts of the cerebral cortex, midbrain, and medulla; responsible for control of bilateral muscles of the neck, shoulders, and trunk

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Vestibular nucleus

a brain area that receives input from the vestibular system

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cerebellar cortex

the cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum

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Purkinje cells

are flat (two- dimensional) cells in sequential planes, parallel to one another

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parallel fibers

axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells.

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nuclei of the cerebellum

clusters of neurons in the interior of the cerebellum that send axons to motor-controlling areas outside the cerebellum

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basal ganglia

a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements

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caudate nucleus

one of the major nuclei that make up the basal ganglia

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Putamen

large subcortical structure, part of the basal ganglia

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globus pallidus

component of the basal ganglia that connects to the thalamus which relays information to the motor areas and the prefrontal cortex

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dorsal striatum

caudate nucleus and putamen. Receives input from the cerebral cortex and substantia nigra and sends its output to the globus pallidus, which then sends output to the thalamus and frontal cortex.

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readiness potential

the increased motor cortex activity prior to the start of the movement

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Parkinson's disease

a progressive disease that destroys brain cells and is identified by muscular tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis

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MPTP

chemical that the body converts to MPP+ which accumulates in and then destroys neurons that release dopamine - substance responsible for the symptoms of Parkinsons - in herbicides and pesticides and can damage cells of substantia nigra

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L-Dopa

A drug for Parkinson's disease that contains the precursors to dopamine so that once it is in the brain, it will be converted to dopamine.

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Stem cells

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

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Huntington's disease

Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30.

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huntingtin