PB 200 final exam

Traits of fungi

Traits of fungi

eukaryotic, filamentous or unicellular, spores, heterotrophic, chitin cell wall, glycogen storage

Vegetative structure

unicellular, hyphae become mycelia

Spores

single cells involved in reproduction, carried on wind

Fungi nutrition

extracellular digestion (decaying)

Fungi metabolism

aerobic, facultative anaerobic, causes human diseases

Myxomycota (slime molds)

not true fungi

Plasmodial slime molds

mass of protoplasm, engulf food like an amoeba, forms sporangia and spores

Cellular slime molds

unicellular amoeba, coalesce into sporangium and disperse spores

Eumycota

true fungi

Chytridiomycota

causes amphibian diseases and decays in aquatic environments, has flagellate spores

Glomeromycota

arbuscular mycorrhizal associations (grows into the roots)

Zygomycota

coenocytic hyphae (not divided into compartments), reproduction: sporangiospores are asexual structures, zygosporangium are sexual structures

Ascomycota

hyphae are septate, asexual spores (budding in yeasts), sexual repro in the ascocarp which has asci

Products of ascomycota

yeast products, cheeses, penicillin

Diseases from ascomycota

dutch elm disease, powdery mildews, ergot of rye (Salem witch trials)

Basidiomycota

mushrooms/rusts, cells are septate, uni or binucleate cells

Basidiomycota vegetative growth

spores germinate to form primary hypha, fuses with compatible hypha, forms binucleate cell and a secondary hypha

Basidiocarp

fruiting body of a basidiomycete

Mushroom

cap on a stalk (stipe), gills or pores under cap where basidia forms

Products of basidiomycota

edible mushrooms

Dangers of basidiomycota

poisonous/hallucinogenic mushrooms (Death cap, Death angel, Amanita), plant diseases

Deuteromycota

catch-all, no known sexual stages

Lichen

mutualistic relationships, reproduce asexually, slow-growing, nutrient cycling, sensitive to pollution (indicators)

Algae traits

can be prokaryotes or eukaryotes, most photosynthetic, aquatic and terrestrials

Algae are classified by

pigments, cell wall, etc.

Unicellular

single-celled, flagellate or non-flagellate

Colonial

unicells that form groups

Filamentous

chains of cells

Siphonous/Coenocytic

large cell with lots of nuclei

Thalloid

flattened sheets

Cyanobacteria

blue-green algae, prokaryotic, photosynthetic (use chlorophyll a and phycocyanin), almost every habitat, used as a food source and for rice farming

Oomycota

flagellated unicells to coenocytes, most aquatic, parasites to saprobes, plant diseases

Dinoflagellates

unicellular, 2 flagella, cellulose cell walls, chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, many heterotrophs, produce neurotoxins, bioluminescence, red tide

Zooxanthellae

dinoflagellates that live with coral, coral expel zooxanthellae when temps rise, coral bleaching

Bacillariophyta

diatoms, cell wall of glass, fossil cell walls used as filters

Phaeophyceae

brown algae, multicellular, cellulose cell walls, chlorophyll a and c, asexual reproduction by spores, sexual reproduction by alternation of generations, most are marine (cold, shallow waters)

Uses for phaeophyceae

used for filters, cattle feed, Laminaria used for human food

Rhodophyta

red algae

Uses for rhodophyta

used for nori/sushi, agar, carrageenan

Chlorophyta

widest variability (can be unicell, multicell, colonial, etc), cellulose cell wall, all habitats, sexual and asexual reproduction

Uses for chlorophyta

used for food, lichen

Endosymbiotic theory

chloroplast is a bacterial endosymbiont in the protozoan cell

Alternation of phases

alternating between multicell haploid stage and multicell diploid stage

Meiosis produces

spores

Fern life cycle

gametophyte produces sperm and eggs → fertilization → forms zygote → undergoes mitosis → forms sporophyte → undergoes meiosis → produces spores → spores germinate → form gametophyte

Sporophyte

diploid, forms spores in sporangia by meiosis

Gametophyte

haploid, forms gamete by mitosis

Archegonia

produces egg

Antheridia

produces sperm

Life cycle of moss

sporophyte forms sporangium → meiosis occurs → operculum comes off and peristome produces spores → forms male or female gametophyte → gametophyte produces sperm and eggs → fertilization → forms zygote

Bryophytes

nonvascular land plants, second largest group of plants, mosses/liverworts/hornworts

Not mosses

spanish moss, pond moss, club moss, reindeer moss

Mosses

gametophyte, green, leafy stems, rhizoids, leaves are 1 cell thick

Rhizoids

multicellular, trichomelike, rootlike functions

Bryophyte metabolism and ecology

small size and lack of vascular system limits their growth, grows in high moisture environments, can go dormant if dry

Peat moss

buildup of plant matter in a marshy environment, used for fuel, can preserve things because of the acidity and amount of tannins

Bryophyte fossils

sparse, date back to Ordovician, could be earliest plants on land

Liverworts

Hepaticae, can be leafy or thallose, grow in wet places, no cuticle, pores are always open

Moss sexual reproduction

meiosis → spores → protonema → leafy gametophyte → archegonium/antheridium produces eggs/sperm by mitosis → fertilization → sporophyte → operculum opens and capsule releases spores → meiosis (sporophyte remains dependent on gametophyte)

In moss, sperm transfer requires

water

Seedless vascular plants

ferns and fern allies, reproduce by spores, independent sporophyte and gametophytes, vascular system (xylem and phloem)

Homospory

spores all one size

Heterospory

specialization in spores, like megaspores (female) and microspores (male)

Green algae

progenitors of land plants (early vascular land plants)

Early vascular land plants

no true stems/roots/leaves and instead had axes, homosporous, sporangia were at the tips or sides of the axes, central vascular bundle

Pteridophyta ferns

has true stems/roots/leaves, can have huge fronds, no secondary tissues, circinate vernation, can be homosporous or heterosporous, can be upright or have horizontal rhizome

Fern sporangia

on the underside of leaves, make spores

Annulus

thicker-walled cells bent over the sporangium

Fern gametophyte

no vascular tissue, haploid phase, heart or variously shaped

Fern antheridium

produces sperm, rounded

Fern archegonium

produces egg, vase-shaped

Psilotophyta

whisk ferns, axes only, fused lateral sporangia, underground gametophyte

Lycophyta

small and herbaceous, dichotomously branching stems

Lycophyta sporangia

on upper leaf surface, heterosporous and homosporous, some in cones, used in flash powder

Equisetophyta

true leaves/stems/roots, stems are photosynthetic, herbaceous, homosporous spores, sporangia in the cones at the tips of the stems

Pennsylvanian Period

tall tree-like equisetophytes and lycopods

Vascular cryptograms

used in floral decoration and house plants, weeds (like water ferns)

Gymnosperms

seed plants but seeds not enclosed in carpel, all are woody, independent sporophyte with dependent megagametophyte

Progymnosperms

Devonian period, fernlike reproduction conifer-like wood, how seeds evolved

Early seeds

seeds used to be in a cupule, surrounding axes become seed coat, pollen enters seed, seed seals off to create fertilization environment and allow seed to travel

Gymnosperm reproduction

female cone (megagametophyte) bears ovules, male cone (microgametophyte) produces spores through meiosis, pollen grains enter ovule, meiosis occurs to produce female gametophyte, pollen grows tube to egg and releases sperm, fertilization occurs, zygote develops into embryo, ovule becomes seed, seed falls and germinates, embryo grows into tree

Pinophyta

conifers, long shoots or short shorts, most are evergreen, leaves can be scales/needles/flattened, compact wood

Ovulate cones

compound, has scales, central axis with branches

Economic uses of gymnosperms

wood and wood products, resin products, erosion control and planting, food (like pine nuts)

Cycadophyta

cycads/sago palms, short stems, crown of pinnate leaves, tropical, dioecious, cones, some insect pollinated, earliest cycads are probably Permian, good Mesozoic record

Guam dementia

cycads produce BMAA, BMAA blocks brain cell communication, due to eating bats that eat cycad seeds

Ginkgopsida

one living species (Ginkgo biloba), tall tees, multiflagellate sperm (largest sperm), fan-shaped leaves, dioecious, pollen produced in cones, true living fossil, widely cultivated and used in herbal medicine

Gnetophyta

vessels in their wood (like angiosperms), monoecious or dioecious, cones with bracts underlying pollen-forming structure or ovule, not much of a fossil record

Ephedra

xeric environments, shrubs, photosynthetic branches

Gnetum

leafy tree or vine, tropical forests, laminate leaves

Welwitschia

unusual morphology, cuplike stem

Seed ferns

shrubs to trees, fern-like foliage, seeds and pollen organs on leaves, diverse, later seed ferns show critical early evidence of continental drift

Angiosperms

largest group of plants on earth, seed plants, flower has the carpel which produces the fruit, pollen lands on stigma, double fertilization

Angiosperm life cycle

3 components are the flower/fruit/seed

Flower

modified stem tip with modified leaves, sexual reproduction organ

Receptible

base of the flower

Sepals

"tiny petals", protect the flower bud

Pistil

carpel is the basic unit, consists of stigma, style, ovary, ovule, develops into the fruit

Petals

attracts pollinators

Gynoecium

female flower reproductive parts