can be prokaryotes or eukaryotes, most photosynthetic, aquatic and terrestrials
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Algae are classified by
pigments, cell wall, etc.
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Unicellular
single-celled, flagellate or non-flagellate
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Colonial
unicells that form groups
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Filamentous
chains of cells
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Siphonous/Coenocytic
large cell with lots of nuclei
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Thalloid
flattened sheets
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Cyanobacteria
blue-green algae, prokaryotic, photosynthetic (use chlorophyll a and phycocyanin), almost every habitat, used as a food source and for rice farming
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Oomycota
flagellated unicells to coenocytes, most aquatic, parasites to saprobes, plant diseases
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Dinoflagellates
unicellular, 2 flagella, cellulose cell walls, chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, many heterotrophs, produce neurotoxins, bioluminescence, red tide
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Zooxanthellae
dinoflagellates that live with coral, coral expel zooxanthellae when temps rise, coral bleaching
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Bacillariophyta
diatoms, cell wall of glass, fossil cell walls used as filters
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Phaeophyceae
brown algae, multicellular, cellulose cell walls, chlorophyll a and c, asexual reproduction by spores, sexual reproduction by alternation of generations, most are marine (cold, shallow waters)
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Uses for phaeophyceae
used for filters, cattle feed, Laminaria used for human food
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Rhodophyta
red algae
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Uses for rhodophyta
used for nori/sushi, agar, carrageenan
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Chlorophyta
widest variability (can be unicell, multicell, colonial, etc), cellulose cell wall, all habitats, sexual and asexual reproduction
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Uses for chlorophyta
used for food, lichen
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Endosymbiotic theory
chloroplast is a bacterial endosymbiont in the protozoan cell
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Alternation of phases
alternating between multicell haploid stage and multicell diploid stage
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Meiosis produces
spores
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Fern life cycle
gametophyte produces sperm and eggs → fertilization → forms zygote → undergoes mitosis → forms sporophyte → undergoes meiosis → produces spores → spores germinate → form gametophyte
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Sporophyte
diploid, forms spores in sporangia by meiosis
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Gametophyte
haploid, forms gamete by mitosis
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Archegonia
produces egg
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Antheridia
produces sperm
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Life cycle of moss
sporophyte forms sporangium → meiosis occurs → operculum comes off and peristome produces spores → forms male or female gametophyte → gametophyte produces sperm and eggs → fertilization → forms zygote
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Bryophytes
nonvascular land plants, second largest group of plants, mosses/liverworts/hornworts
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Not mosses
spanish moss, pond moss, club moss, reindeer moss
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Mosses
gametophyte, green, leafy stems, rhizoids, leaves are 1 cell thick
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Rhizoids
multicellular, trichomelike, rootlike functions
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Bryophyte metabolism and ecology
small size and lack of vascular system limits their growth, grows in high moisture environments, can go dormant if dry
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Peat moss
buildup of plant matter in a marshy environment, used for fuel, can preserve things because of the acidity and amount of tannins
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Bryophyte fossils
sparse, date back to Ordovician, could be earliest plants on land
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Liverworts
Hepaticae, can be leafy or thallose, grow in wet places, no cuticle, pores are always open
ferns and fern allies, reproduce by spores, independent sporophyte and gametophytes, vascular system (xylem and phloem)
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Homospory
spores all one size
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Heterospory
specialization in spores, like megaspores (female) and microspores (male)
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Green algae
progenitors of land plants (early vascular land plants)
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Early vascular land plants
no true stems/roots/leaves and instead had axes, homosporous, sporangia were at the tips or sides of the axes, central vascular bundle
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Pteridophyta ferns
has true stems/roots/leaves, can have huge fronds, no secondary tissues, circinate vernation, can be homosporous or heterosporous, can be upright or have horizontal rhizome
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Fern sporangia
on the underside of leaves, make spores
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Annulus
thicker-walled cells bent over the sporangium
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Fern gametophyte
no vascular tissue, haploid phase, heart or variously shaped
small and herbaceous, dichotomously branching stems
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Lycophyta sporangia
on upper leaf surface, heterosporous and homosporous, some in cones, used in flash powder
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Equisetophyta
true leaves/stems/roots, stems are photosynthetic, herbaceous, homosporous spores, sporangia in the cones at the tips of the stems
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Pennsylvanian Period
tall tree-like equisetophytes and lycopods
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Vascular cryptograms
used in floral decoration and house plants, weeds (like water ferns)
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Gymnosperms
seed plants but seeds not enclosed in carpel, all are woody, independent sporophyte with dependent megagametophyte
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Progymnosperms
Devonian period, fernlike reproduction conifer-like wood, how seeds evolved
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Early seeds
seeds used to be in a cupule, surrounding axes become seed coat, pollen enters seed, seed seals off to create fertilization environment and allow seed to travel
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Gymnosperm reproduction
female cone (megagametophyte) bears ovules, male cone (microgametophyte) produces spores through meiosis, pollen grains enter ovule, meiosis occurs to produce female gametophyte, pollen grows tube to egg and releases sperm, fertilization occurs, zygote develops into embryo, ovule becomes seed, seed falls and germinates, embryo grows into tree
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Pinophyta
conifers, long shoots or short shorts, most are evergreen, leaves can be scales/needles/flattened, compact wood
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Ovulate cones
compound, has scales, central axis with branches
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Economic uses of gymnosperms
wood and wood products, resin products, erosion control and planting, food (like pine nuts)
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Cycadophyta
cycads/sago palms, short stems, crown of pinnate leaves, tropical, dioecious, cones, some insect pollinated, earliest cycads are probably Permian, good Mesozoic record
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Guam dementia
cycads produce BMAA, BMAA blocks brain cell communication, due to eating bats that eat cycad seeds
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Ginkgopsida
one living species (Ginkgo biloba), tall tees, multiflagellate sperm (largest sperm), fan-shaped leaves, dioecious, pollen produced in cones, true living fossil, widely cultivated and used in herbal medicine
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Gnetophyta
vessels in their wood (like angiosperms), monoecious or dioecious, cones with bracts underlying pollen-forming structure or ovule, not much of a fossil record
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