Physiology Exam 1 Study Flashcards (EEOB 2520, Ohio State University)

Equation 1?

ATP <-> ADP + Pi + Energy (Reversible)

What is equation 1 used for?

Our Currency to pay for activities (energy; like spending dollar bills)

Equation 2?

Glucose+ o2 + ADP + Pi -> ATP + CO2 + H2o + Heat

What is equation 2 used for?

How we make currency (energy; Like earning money)

Equation 3?

Co2+ H20 <-> HCO3- + H+ (Reversible)

what is equation 3 used for?

Transport a gas in water

Equation 4?

PV=nRT

What is equation 4 used for?

Ideal gas law

Which two equations are reversible?

#1 and #3

Homeostasis

Relatively stable maintenance of a body parameter

What can homeostasis also be called?

Dynamic constancy

Set point

Goal range

Steady State

Maintaining at Set point

Homeostatic control system

Interconnected components that work together to keep at set point (maintain steady state)

does being at steady state require energy?

Yes

Is steady state considered equilibrium?

No (very few things in equilibrium in phys)

Disturbances from steady state are called?

Reactive (Reactive -> Response -> Feedback)

Negative feedback

going towards steady state (Opposite of disturbance)

Positive Feedback

Continues with disturbance (Goes away from steady state)

Feedfoward

Technique used to avoid being pushed out of steady state (Proactive -> Preparation= Feedfoward)

Does Feedfoward use less energy than negetive feedback?

Yes

Reflex Template Steps

Stimulus

X altered

Sensor/Receptor

Afferent pathway

Integrating center (Integrator)

Efferent pathway

Effectors (Respond to stimulus)

Compensatory response (change in phys)

X restored

Afferent pathway

going towards integrator

Efferent pathway keys?

Detection (change has to be significant)

What does the integrator decide to do?

Whether the stimulus is big enough to send to efferent pathway (will send back if not)

Reflex Arc negative feedback result?

X restored

Reflex arc positive feedback?

X further altered

Biorythms

pattern to variation of controlled variable (parameter)

three ways biorhythms can be described?

Period (overtime; long hair in winter; thinner in spring)

Phase (duration)

Amplitude (Amplitude)

Examples of biorhythms

Circadian (sleeping)

Lunar (day)

Annual (every year)

Acclimatization

Adjusting (TAKES TIME)

does Acclimatization cause your set point to change?

yes

what is Acclimatization caused by?

Change in environment (changed when necessary)

Is Acclimatization a genetic change?

no

is Acclimatization reversible?

Yes (only some arent)

what type of Acclimatization is not reversible?

Developmental Acclimatization

Types of Direct intercellular communication (these require physical contact)

Gap junctions

Tunneling nanotubes

Juxtacrines

Gap junctions

Short narrow channels

Tunneling Nanotubes

Wider channels (like gap junctions, but since they're bigger, they can let proteins or larger molecules through)

Juxtacrines

Transient protein sends signal connection between membranes (THEY ARE TOUCHING)

Types of indirect intercellular communication (Cell A to Cell B)

Paracrines

Neurotransmitter

Endocrines

Where do paracrines come from?

Almost all cells

Where do paracrines go to?

Nearby Cells

Where do paracrines travel?

Fluid between cells (interstitial fluid)

Special case for paracrines?

Autocrines (Cell A and B are same cell)

Where do neurotransmitters come from?

Neuron

Where do neurotransmitters go to?

nearby cells (synapse connection)

Where do neurotransmitters travel?

Fluid between cells (Interstitial Fluid)

How can paracrines and neurotransmitters be grouped

Location being sent to (Nearby cells)

Where they travel (Fluid between cells)

Endocrines

Hormones

Where do endocrines come from?

Gland or Neuron

Where do endocrines go to?

Distant cells (goes through cells)

Where do endocrines travel?

Blood (plasma)

Genome

Identical DNA

Proteome

Different proteins

Lipidome

Different Lipids

4 primary types of cells

Neuron

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Muscle cells

Mechanical movement

Epithelial cells

out/in boundary (like skin)

Neuron cells

Electrical communication

Connective cells

support