Exam 4 Renal System

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Nutrition

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145 Terms

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Total Incontinence.
Inability to store urine
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Overflow Incontinence
Frequent dribbling that relieves a constantly full bladder
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Urge Incontinence\***
Sudden and uncontrollable need to void that cannot be suppressed
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Stress Incontinence\***
Uncontrollable voiding that occurs with weakness of the pelvic floor muscles
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Urinary frequency
need to urinate excessively, but voiding normal or less than normal amounts
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Urinary urgency
sudden urge to urinate
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Urinary hesitancy
difficulty starting or maintaining urinary stream
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Nocturia
excessive urination at night
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Oliguria
decreased urine output (
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Polyuria
excessive urine output
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Anuria
little to no urine output (
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Dysuria
difficult, painful urination
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Pyuria
pus in urine
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Urinalysis
lab test to evaluate the urine chemistry- looks at WBCs, RBCs, protein, color, ketones
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Obstructive uropathy
a structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow, sometimes leading to renal dysfunction
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Urolithiasis
formation of urinary calculi (stones) in the urinary tract. Generally asymptomatic until they pass into the lower urinary tract
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What are the different types of stones?
- Calcium oxalate (75-85%)
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- Struvite (15%)

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- Uric Acid (7%)

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Where do stones usually form?
· Stones usually grow on the papillae or in the renal tubules, calyces, or renal pelvis
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· Can also occur in the ureter or bladder

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What are risk factors for stone formation?
· Gender (more common in males)
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· Frequent UTI

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· Dehydration

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· Tubular defects

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· Diet (high protein & tea)

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· Alterations in urine pH (high or low)

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What are the symptoms of stones?
Pain (depend on location- generally renal colic, flank pain; can be painless unless actively being passed)
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Obstruction: can cause obstruction at upper or lower urinary tract

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- Urinary urgency, frequency

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- Hematuria- blood in urine

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- Nausea and/or vomiting

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- Hydronephrosis: kidneys are backed up and swell\> Renal failure

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Hydronephrosis
Occurs when a kidney has an excess of fluid (swelling) due to a backup of urine, often caused by an obstruction in the upper part of the urinary tract
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How does hydronephrosis occur with urolithiasis?
When a stone causes a blockage, it can cause backup of urine (hydronephrosis)
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Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
- Non-malignant enlargement of the prostate
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- Occurs in 50% of men \> 50 yo and 90% of men past 80 years old

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- Pushes on the urethra

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and results in bladder

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outflow obstruction

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What is the concern with BPH?
- can lead to UTIs and create obstructions
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- Also post renal kidney injury/failure

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What are the manifestations of BPH?
· Nocturia
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· Urinary frequency

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· Urinary hesitancy

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· Hematuria

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· Interruption in urinary flow

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· Large smooth prostate

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· Increased serum PSA

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What are the most common risk factors for UTIs?
· Female: TEACH GIRLS TO WIPE FRONT TO BACK
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· Sexually active (multiple partners increases risk; STIs like gonorrhea & chlamydia increase risk)

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· Use of diaphragm with spermicide, bubble baths

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· Diabetics

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· Recent catheterization

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· Obstructive uropathy

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Most common cause of UTIs
E. coli (80% of cases)
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What are the classic manifestations of lower UTIs?
WBC and/or nitrites in urine
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Hematuria

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Urinary frequency and urgency

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Dysuria

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Foul smelling urine

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Cloudy urine (pyuria- pus in urine)

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What are the classic manifestations of upper UTIs?
Same symptoms of lower UTI
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Fever

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Chills

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Nausea

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Vomiting

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Malaise

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Low back "flank" pain

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How do elderly usually present with a UTI?
May have new onset of confusion along smelly urine
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Nephritis
- Infection and inflammation in kidney- affects the renal pelvis, calyces, medulla
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- Usually caused by E.coli, Proteus, or Pseudomonas

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- Typically starts in lower tract and infection ascends from bladder

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Systemic Manifestations of Infection- could lead to sepsis, if not taken care of

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- Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion can be impaired (can decrease renal function)

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- Repeated attacks can cause scarring and renal damage

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Glomerulonephritis
damage to kidneys as a result of immune response; type 3 hypersensitivity-immune complex hypersensitivity
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Pyelonephritis
- inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis
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- CVA (costovertebral angle) tenderness and fever

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Hallmark manifestation of Glomerulonephritis
Tea colored urine
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Key difference between pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis
pyelonephritis is the inflammation of the kidney due to the urinary tract infections that reach the renal pelvis of the kidney, while glomerulonephritis is the inflammation of tiny blood vessels of the kidney known as glomeruli due to inflammation and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane that becomes leaky
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Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) causes
- streptococcal infection
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- bacterial endocarditis

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- viral infections

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Chronic Glomerulonephritis (CGN) causes
- immune diseases
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- HTN

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- DM

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How does protein effect the kidneys?
i. Normally, kidneys are relatively non-permeable to proteins
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ii. When kidneys are damaged, they can allow protein to leak, resulting in proteinuria

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iii. When patients have proteinuria, can develop low albumin levels in blood; kidneys become permeable to protein and start leaking protein

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iv. In people with kidney conditions, high-protein diets can be nephrotoxic; when people have existing kidney conditions and losing protein in the urine, albumin will drop in blood. Protein cannot simply be replaced- will cause further kidney damage; protein shouldn't get too low but cannot have too much

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Proteinuria
the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine
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Hypoproteinemia
low protein in blood
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Hypoalbuminemia
decreased albumin levels in blood
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Hyperlipidemia
-excessive amounts of lipids in the blood
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-because liver is conserving cholesterol due to low protein/albumin

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Manifestations of nephrotic syndrome and why these occur\****
· Proteinuria
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· Hypoproteinemia

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· Hypoalbuminemia

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· Edema