Organic chem - properties of compounds

Alkanes

C(n)H(2n+2)

• Higher melting point and boiling points with more C's in chain

• Non-polar

• Relatively unreactive

• Insoluble in water

Alkenes

C(n)H(2n)

• More reactive than alkanes

• Readily undergoes synthesis reactions

• Melting and boiling points increase with size of molecule

• Insoluble in water

alkynes

C(n)H(2n-2)

• Very reactive

• Melting and boiling points increase with number of C atoms

• Insoluble in water

Amines

R-NH2

• Polar

• Basic (<7 PH)

• Pungent ammonia-like odour

• Soluble in water if fewer than 5 C's in the chain

Alcohols

R-OH

• More polar than amine of similar size

• Boiling point higher than amine of similar size

• Soluble in water if fewer than 5 C's in the chain

Ethers

R-O-R

• Volatile

• The boiling point comparable to the alkanes but
  much lower than that of alcohols of comparable molecular
  mass despite the polarity of C-0 bond

Aldehydes

R-COH

• Very reactive

• Distinct odours

• Relatively less soluble than comparable alcohols in water

Ketones

R-CO-R

• Very reactive

• Distinct odours

• Relatively less soluble than comparable alcohols in water which decreases with molecular size

• Many used as solvents

Carboxylic Acids

R-COOH

• Acidic

• Small chains fewer than 5 C are soluble in water

• Strong unpleasant odour

Esters

R-COO-R

• Strong aromas

• Volatile

• generally less than 10 Cs have fruity odors

• Soluble in water if less than 5Cs in the chain

• These Characteristics and their solubility in water result from the polar nature of the group and hydrogen bonding

Amides

R-CON-R

• neutral

• generally have high boiling points and melting points

• These characteristics and their solubility in water result from the polar nature of the group and hydrogen bonding

Is the 5th C included in solubility

No

What is the impact of added carbons

Dilution which leads to lower functional group properties