B2. Semantic relations

List all semantic / lexical relations

1. synonymy,

2. antonymy,

3. homonymy

4. hyponymy

5. polysemy

Synonym / synonymy

words that have the same or almost similar meaning

Eg: almost/nearly; big/large; broad/wide

Antonym

• two words or phrases with opposite meanings

• Eg: alive/dead; big/small; old/new

List all types of antonymy ?

1. Non-gradable / Binary / Complementary

2. Gradable / Scaler

3. Conversive / Relational

4. Reversive / Directional

binary / complementary / non-gradable antonymy

• direct opposites

• the negative of one implies the other / the denial of one is the assertion of the other (phủ định của cái này là cái kia; có cái này thì ko có cái kia)

• Eg: dead/alive; single/married; male/female; true/false

gradable/ scaler antonymy

• opposites along a scale

• the negative of one doesn’t necessarily imply the other

• can be used in comparative constructions

• Eg: big/small; short/tall; cold/hot; young/old; thin/fat; slow/fast

conversive/relational antonymy

• denotes a kind of role reversal in a relationship; a pair in which “you can’t have without the other” (depends upon the other)

• 2 từ - 2 vai trò trong 1 mqh; 2 điểm nhìn, luôn luôn tồn tại song song

• Eg:

  • wife - husband (có vợ phải có chồng)

  • give - receive (có qua có lại)

  • teacher - student

  • employer - employee

reversive/directional antonymy

• pairs in which member expresses the reverse of the other; “you can have one without the other”

• Eg:

  • rise - fall (The temperature rises doesn’t mean that sth else falls)

  • backwards - forwards (If I going backwards doesn’t mean that you / anyone else is going forward)

  • enter / exit

  • pack / unpack

  • lengthen / shorten

  • raise / lower

  • tie / untie

homonymy

• 2 words that sound and/or are written the same but different in meanings

• It can be full/perfect homonyms; homophones or homographs

full/perfect homonyms

• 2 words with the same spelling and same pronunciation

• Eg:

  • bank (of a river) - bank (financial institution)

  • bat (flying creature) - bat (used in sports)

  • mole (on skin) - mole (small animal - chuot chui)

homographs

• 2 words with the same spelling and different pronunciation

• Eg:

  • wind (n) / wind (v)

  • present (v) / present (n)

homophones

• 2 words with same pronunciation and different spelling

• Eg:

  • bear / bare

  • meat / meet

  • flower / flour

Hyponymy

• The relationship between two or more words where the meaning of one form includes the meaning of another

• also called “a kind of” relationship. As asp is a kind of snake or banyan is a kind of tree

Eg: rose is a hyponym of flower

superordinate term

(từ bao hàm) = hypernym: a word with a broad meaning that encompasses the meanings of more specific words.

Eg; “horse is a hyponym of animal” or “cockroach is a hyponym of insect.” In these two examples, animal and insect are called the superordinate (= higher-level) terms

co-hypernym

two or more words that share the same superordinate term are co-hyponyms.

Eg: dog and horse are co-hyponyms and the superordinate term is animal

polysemy

one form (written or spoken) having multiple meanings that are all related by extension (từ đa nghĩa: các nghĩa phải có liên quan đến nhau)

Eg:

• head: the top of your body or the top of a company

• foot of a person, of bed, of mountain

• run: person does, water does, colors do

• face, get, ….
  

How to differentiate between polysemy and homonymy?

• polysemy: các nghĩa liên quan đến nghĩa gốc

• homonymy: các nghĩa ko liên quan đến nghĩa gốc

• Check từ điển MW

  • Từ “foot - n” chỉ có 1 entry → polysemy

  • Từ “mail - n” có đến 3 entry → homonymy