EXAM 2 MICROBIOLOGY BY DR. KAY

1. Three (3) Restriction Endonucleases

Ecor1

Hae III

Hind III

2. What is a palindrome?

(different fragments of genes) when you read palindrome from any direction you have the same meaning or result e.g Mom, dad

Does mutation have negative effects?

Yes

Can Biotech be used in Forensics?

Biotechnology is used for forensics to: Identify potential suspects whose DNA may match evidence left at the crime scene. Identify and exonerate persons wrongly accused of crimes AND prove a suspect was at a crime scene ETC

What are the four (4) fundamental methods of Biotech?

1. Gel electrophoresis

2. Southern blot

3. Gel probe

4. PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction

What do you understand about the intrinsic property of the DNA molecule?

The way DNA acts in the lab is the same way it will act in real life.

What are the stop codons?

UAA, UAG, UGA

What is the start codon?

AUG

What is the Central Dogma?

The central dogma of molecular biology explains the flow of genetic information, from DNA to RNA, to make a functional product, a protein.

Can viruses infect everything? T OR F

True

What is a virus made up of?

Genome + protein

What is the net total of ATP molecules that are synthesized during the breakdown of one molecule of carbohydrate?

2

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotes?

cytoplasm

How many cycles are there in the Krebs cycle?

2

How many total ATP molecules are synthesized during ETC?

4 ATP

Where does ETC take place in prokaryotes?

cell membrane

Name the three steps of cellular respiration?

glycolysis, krebs cycle,AND electron transport chain

Which phase of cellular respiration produces the most ATP molecules?

ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

What are endonucleases?

an enzyme which cleaves a polynucleotide chain by separating nucleotides other than the two end ones.

Are microbes found everywhere?

Yes

What is an enzyme?

Anything that can speed up the rate of chemical reaction

What is metabolism?

all chemical reactions or processes in an organism

What is an apoenzyme?

protein part of enzyme becomes functional when associated with its cofactor or coenzyme

What is a holoenzyme?

apoenzyme + cofactor

Give an example of a cofactor

Magnesium, zinc, iron

What is an example of a coenzyme?

vitamins, NAD, FAD

What is the name of the type of enzyme that functions inside the cell?

Endoenzyme

What is the name of the type of enzyme that functions outside the cell?

Exoenzyme

Glycolysis is also called substrate-level phosphorylation. T or F

True

How many ATP molecules of FADH2?

2ATP

How many ATP molecules of NADH?

3ATP

What is the genome?

Totality of genetic material in a cell

The expression of the genetic trait is known as ______?

Phenotype

What is a phenotype?

expression of the genotype creates observable traits

What is a genotype?

all types of genes constitute the genetic makeup

What is the subunit of nucleic acid?

nucleotide

What is an example of a nucleotide?

DNA and RNA

What are the nitrogenous bases?

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

pyrimidines and purines

Which nitrogenous bases are purines and which are pyrimidines?

purines- Adenine and Guanine and pyrimidine-Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

DNA is used as a ______ to make RNA.

template

What are the three modes of DNA replication?

conservative, semi-conservative, dispersive

What are the six (6) enzymes involved in DNA duplication?

Helicase, RNA Primas, DNA Polymerase III, DNA Polymerase I, Ligase, and Gyrase( SUPPER ENZYME)

Where do Okazaki fragments form?

lagging strand of DNA during DNA replication.

What do we call when we deliberately remove genetic material from one organism and place it into another?

Recombinant DNA technology

DNA manipulation is referred to as ______.

Genetic engineering

What is Biotechnology?

Using microorganism in the production of food, new substances such as vaccines and vitamins.

What was the first synthetic drug?

Salvarsan

What are the properties of an ideal drug?

availability, less toxicity, goes directly to site of infection, can stand stomach acidity.

Does food irradiation change the taste of food?

No

What are the two (2) types of radiation?

ionizing and non-ionizing

What is tincture of iodine?

iodine + alcohol

Another name for Chlorhexidine

Biguanide

What is Chloramine made up of?

Chlorine+amines

Oligodynamic Action

use of a small amount of heavy metal dust to destroy a wide range of microbe.

Another name for pressurized moist heat

Autoclave

Examples of ionizing radiation

x-rays, gamma rays, cathode rays, microwave, Irradiation food

Examples of non-ionizing radiation.

UV rays

What are the units of autoclave?

15 psi/121C/10-40min

What does HEPA filter stand for?

high efficiency particulate air filter

Examples of pasteurization

Batch- 63.3 degree C/30 min LTHT

Flash- 75.5 degree C/15s HTLT

Examples of Direct Repeat

When a sequence is repeated into the same pattern down stream.

ATAATCCG----------ATAATCCG

it relocate its self to the other side in same pattern.

Examples of Inverted Repeat

TTAGCTA-----TAGCTAA

GOES OPPPOSITE DIRECTION

What is intron?

NONCODING REGIONS OR SEQUENCE.

What is intron cut with?

SPLICEOSOME

The small section cut of the intron is called a _______.

LARIAT

What is exon?

CODING REGIONS

Anti-parallel

DNA strands run in opposite directions (5' - 3' and 3' - 5'). They are palindrome

Reduction Rx

gain of one or more electron

Oxidation Rx

loss one more more electron

Mode of action of antibiotic

Interference with cell wall

Disruption of cell membrane

inhibition of nucleoid

Inhibition of metabolic way

The three parts of the cell wall Beta Lactams?

1. B-lactam ring

2. Thiazolidine ring

3. side chain or R group

Beta Lactams destroy the ______ of the bacteria.

cell wall

Examples of Beta Lactams.

Penicillins (important)

Examples of drugs that target the cell membrane

Polymyxins

Examples of drugs that target the nucleoid

Quinine, Quinone, Quinolone,Rifampin

Drugs that destroy the 30s ribosome of prokaryotes are called _______.

Aminoglycoside

Drugs that destroy the 50s ribosome of prokaryotes are called _______.

Macrolide

What drugs are used to impede metabolic pathways?

Sulfa, Sulfanilamide, Trinaethoprim

PABA stands for _______.

para-aminobenzoic acid