Psychology: Motivation, Emotions, and Regulation Theories

What is extrinsic motivation?

Motivation that comes from an outcome external to the person, such as doing chores for praise.

What is intrinsic motivation?

Motivation where the reward is internal; the act itself is fun or satisfying, like baking bread or watching movies.

What does drive reduction theory propose?

It suggests that unmet needs create a physical drive, such as hunger, that motivates behavior to restore homeostasis.

What are primary and secondary drives?

Primary drives are essential for survival (e.g., hunger), while secondary drives are learned (e.g., earning money).

What are McClelland's three psychological needs?

Affiliation, power, and achievement.

What is the difference between internal and external locus of control?

Internal locus of control means believing that one's efforts can change outcomes, while external locus of control means believing outcomes are determined by luck or fate.

What does arousal theory state?

It posits that there is a peak level of cognitive/physiological arousal for optimal performance.

What are sensation seekers?

Individuals who require higher levels of arousal for optimal functioning.

How can past pleasant experiences serve as incentives?

They can motivate future behavior even when no immediate drive or need is present.

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A theory that suggests self-actualization is the peak after all other needs are met.

What are the three components of self-determination theory?

Autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

What are the three components of emotion?

Physiological experience (arousal), behavioral expression (emotional facial expressions), and subjective emotional labeling (cognitive component).

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

It suggests that a stimulus leads to arousal, which is then interpreted as emotion; however, it is not well-supported by evidence.

What does the Cannon-Bard theory propose?

It posits that a stimulus triggers both arousal and emotion simultaneously through subcortical brain activity.

What is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

It states that a stimulus leads to arousal and appraisal, which together create the emotion.

What does Lazarus's theory of emotion emphasize?

It emphasizes that a stimulus leads to appraisal, which then results in emotion and arousal.

What is emotional regulation?

The process of managing and responding to emotional experiences.

What is affective forecasting?

The prediction of how emotions will impact future events and how those events will affect emotions.

What are the steps in Gross's model of emotional regulation?

Situation (changing the environment), attention (refocusing), appraisal (cognitive change), and response (changing the response).