Learning and Thinking Exam 2

Law of Effect

if an action is preceded by a satisfying event, you will increase the action, vice versa

Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

passive/active; stimulus/organism

Positive Punishment

something undesirable is added to the scenario; decreases behavior

Negative Punishment

something desirable is removed from the scenario; decreases behavior

Positive Reinforcement

something desirable is added to the scenario; increases behavior

Negative Reinforcement

something undesirable is removed from the scenario; increases behavior

Immediate

reinforcement/punishment occurs right after the behavior

Delayed

reinforcement or punishment happens some time after the behavior

Primary

unlearned or naturally occurring reinforcement or punishment; typically biological needs

Secondary

must be learned through association in order to have reinforcement or punishing power; gain power through primary’s

Generalized Consequences

reinforcers or punishers that have been conditioned to work across a wide variety of situations or behaviors

Natural Consequences

reinforcers or punishers that occur without human interference (food, pain, etc)

Contrived Consequences

reinforcers or punishers that are created or imposed by humans (money, tokens, etc)

Extrinsic

a consequence that is something other than the behavior, typically following

Intrinsic

where doing the actual behavior is the reinforcement or punishment

Fixed Ratio

reinforcement comes after a set number of responses; leads to a high response rate with breaks in between

Variable Ratio

reinforcement occurs after an random number of responses; high responses in the shortest amount of time (slots)

Fixed Interval

reinforcement occurs after a certain amount of time has passed, provided that the behavior has occurred at least once during the time; leads to scalloped behavior pattern

Variable Interval

reinforcement occurs after an unknown amount of time, as long as the behavior happens at least once during that time; steady rate of behavior

Post Reinforcement Pause

stopping the behavior after receiving reinforcement during ratio scheduling

Ratio Run

a high frequency of responses following reinforcement

Ratio Strain

a reduction in behavioral responses due to a high demand

Breaking Point

you can no longer produce the behavior due to over demanding requirements

High Rates of Behavior

once the behavior increases, they get a reward

Low Rates of Behavior

once behavior decreases they get a reward

Paced Responding

the ‘goldilocks’ zone of behavior rates

Shaping

reinforcement happens in baby steps, but only the first time the step is completed → then reinforcement happens for the next completed step

Chained Schedules

building behavior on top of behavior with rewards to complete a series of behaviors

Drive Reduction Theory

an internal need that creates discomfort, which motivates the person to engage in a behavior to reduce that discomfort; reinforcment

Incentive Motivation Theory

behavior is based on external rewards; people are motivated to engage in behaviors with expectations of the positive rewards or outcomes

Premack Principle

consequences are behaviors that you get to do as reinforcement for doing the undesirable behavior

ex. clean your room to hang out with friends

Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE)

behavior that is intermittently reinforced takes longer to extinguish

Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)

reinforcement is consistently given, no resistance to extinction

Partial Reinforcement (PRF)

reinforcement is given only some of the time; is resistant to extinction

Factors that Extend Extinction

long history, high deprivation, large magnitude

Factors that Speed Up Extinction

short history, low deprivation, previous experience with extinction, discriminative stimuli

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

reinforcement is given for the absence of a target behavior

Differential Reinforcement for Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

reinforcement is given for the behavior that is physically incompatible with the undesirable behavior

ex. sitting vs. standing

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)

reinforcing the behavior that achieves the same goal as the undesirable behavior but is more socially appropriate

Behavioral Contrast

increasing or decreasing behavior due to how reinforcement compares to alternative schedules or past experience

ex. decreasing a behavior that no longer brings pleasure and increasing another

Anticipatory Contrast

changes in the rate of a behavior on one schedule in anticipation of reinforcement