Key Terms in Indian History and Religion

Subcontinent

A large, distinguishable part of a continent, often separated by geographical features.

Monsoon

A seasonal wind that brings heavy rain in summer and dry conditions in winter.

Citadel

A fortified structure within a city, often used for protection.

Granary

A place where grain is stored.

Aryan

A group of warriors and herders from Central Asia who migrated to India.

Sanskrit

An ancient language of India, first spoken by the Aryans.

Vedas

Ancient sacred texts that form the foundation of Hindu beliefs and Indian civilization.

Caste

A social class in India's traditional hierarchy.

Hinduism

A major religion of India that developed from Aryan beliefs and Indian traditions.

Reincarnation

The belief that the soul is reborn into a new body after death.

Dharma

A person's religious and moral duties.

Karma

The belief that a person's actions determine their future fate, including the caste they may be reborn into.

Buddhism

A religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha.

Meditate

To focus and clear the mind, often for spiritual or calming purposes.

Enlightenment

A deep understanding of truth, leading to spiritual awakening.

Nirvana

In Buddhism, the ultimate state of peace and freedom from suffering.

Monk

A person who devotes their life to religion, often through teaching or meditation.

Turning Point

A moment of significant change or decision.

Missionary

A person who spreads religious beliefs to other parts of the world.

Aesthetic

Related to beauty or the appreciation of beauty.

Metallurgy

The science and technology of metals.

Hindu-Arabic Numerals

The numeral system using digits 0-9, developed in India and later introduced to the Western world through Arabic scholars.