Bio test Organelles

What are cells

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

What is the cell theory

All organisms are made of one or more cells.

All the life functions of organisms occur within cells.

All cells come from existing cells.

What are the functions of various organelles found in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

energy (Mitochondria), control (Nucleus), synthesis/transport (ER, Golgi), and waste breakdown (Lysosomes).

What is the difference between Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

-The structures and functions of cell parts, including mitochondria, the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, nucleus, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus,

endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, and vacuoles

-Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus, along with other organelles.

Plasma Membrane

-How the processes of passive and active transport move substances into and out of cells and help maintain homeostasis

-How organisms obtain the energy needed for life, including how the sugar glucose is broken down to produce ATP through the processes of anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration

-Phospholipid structures

cytoplasm and cytoskeleton

-Cytoplasm is a thick solution that fills a cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It has many functions. It helps give the cell shape, holds organelles, and provides a site for many of the biochemical reactions inside the cell.

-The liquid part of the cytoplasm is called cytosol. It is mainly water, and it contains many dissolved substances. The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell also contains a

membrane-enclosed nucleus and other organelles.

-The cytoskeleton is a highly organized framework of protein filaments and tubules that criss-cross the cytoplasm of a cell. It gives the cell structure and helps hold cell structures (such as organelles) in place within the cytoplasm.

- Cytoskeleton- Network Fibers: Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filament.

Cytosplasm function

An organelle is a structure within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that is enclosed within a membrane and performs a specific job. Although ribosomes are not enclosed within a membrane, they are still commonly referred to as organelles in eukaryotic cells.

Nucleus function

The nucleus is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell, and it is considered to be the cell's control center. It controls gene expression, including controlling which proteins are expressed in the cell.

mitochondrial function

The mitochondrion is an organelle that makes energy available to the cells. It is like the power plant of the cell.

endoplasmic reticulum (ER), smooth and rough function

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that helps make and transport proteins and lipids. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has no ribosomes.

Golgi Apparatus Function

The Golgi apparatus is a large organelle that processes proteins and prepares them for use both inside and outside the cell. It is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell.

vesicles and vacuoles Function

Both vesicles and vacuoles are sac-like organelles that may be used to store and transport materials in the cell or as chambers for biochemical reactions. Lysosomes

and peroxisomes are vesicles that break down foreign matter, dead cells, or poisons.

Centriols function

Centrioles are organelles located near the nucleus that help organize the chromosomes before cell division, so each daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes.

Ribosomes function

Ribosomes are small structures where proteins are made. They are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They may be found alone or in groups within the cytoplasm or on the RER.

Structure of a Plasma Membrane

-Functions of the proteins in a plasma membrane

- Phospholipids

- Fluid Mosaic Model - understand the structural composition.

Identify the two types of transport in and out of a cell

Passive and active transport

Passive Transport

-Controlling the movement of things in and out of the cell is an important function of the plasma membrane. There are two basic ways that substances can cross the plasma membrane: passive transport — which requires no energy expenditure by the cell —and active transport, which requires energy.

-No energy is needed from the cell for passive transport because it occurs when substances move naturally from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Active transport

-Active transport requires energy to move substances across a plasma membrane, often because the substances are moving from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, or because of their large size. Two types of active transport are membrane pumps (such as the sodium-potassium pump) and vesicle transport.

-The sodium-potassium pump is a mechanism of active transport that moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, both against a concentration

gradient, to maintain the proper concentrations of ions both inside and outside the cell, and to thereby control membrane potential.

- Vesicle transport is a type of active transport that uses vesicles to move large

molecules into or out of cells.

Diffusion

The movement of a substance due to differences in concentration. It happens without any help from other molecules. This is how very small, hydrophobic molecules (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide) enter and leave the cell.

Osmosis

-Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane. Water moves in or out of a cell by osmosis until its concentration is the same on both sides of the plasma membrane.

-Hypertonic solution, the solution has a lowere water concentration (cell shrinks)

-Hypotonic solution takes in water across the membrane until both external solution (cell swells)

Vesicle transport

Active transport is the energy-requiring process of pumping molecules and ions across

membranes against a concentration gradient.

How do vesicles in the cytoplasm move large particles

across the cell membrane

The particles are enclosed in membrane sacs and are transported to deliver them

What happens in endocytosis and exocytosis

Endocytosis forms a pocket, pinches in, and eventually forms either a vacuole or a vesicle, which brings material into the cell. Exocytosis transports large particles out of the cell, and the cell ejects waste products or specific secretion products, such as hormones. They are both active transport processes.

Intercellular junctions

In plant cells: Plasmodesmata

In Animal cells: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes