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What is the definition of emotion?
Psychological reactions/responses to stimuli that reflect a combination of internal and external factors.
What are the three components of emotions?
Physiological arousal, conscious experience, and expressive behaviors.
What does the term 'affect' refer to in psychology?
The overall, underlying experience of emotion, mood, and feelings.
What is a cognitive label in the context of emotions?
A conscious interpretation of physiological arousal that helps us identify our emotions.
What is the facial-feedback hypothesis?
The experience of emotion is influenced by facial expressions.
What does the 'Broaden-and-build' theory of positive emotions suggest?
Positive emotional experiences broaden awareness and encourage new actions and thoughts.
What is the difference between 'fake' smiles and Duchenne smiles?
Duchenne smiles involve genuine emotion with activated facial muscles, while fake smiles are more rigid.
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems respond to emotion?
Sympathetic division energizes the body, while parasympathetic division calms and restores it to homeostasis.
What role do eliciters play in emotional expression?
Eliciters are stimuli that trigger an emotional response.
Explain the James-Lange theory of emotions.
Emotions arise from our awareness of our bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
Explain the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions.
Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and the subjective experience of emotion simultaneously.
Explain the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion.
Emotion is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive label that interprets that arousal.
What is the Zajonc-LeDoux theory regarding emotional reactions?
Some emotional reactions happen instantly, without conscious interpretation.
What does Lazarus theory emphasize about emotions?
Emotions are influenced by cognitive appraisal that may occur without our conscious awareness.
What are display rules in the context of emotion?
Social group or culture's informal norms that govern how emotions are expressed.
How do cultures differ in terms of the expression of emotions?
Cultures vary in the amount of emotion they express, influenced by different triggers and display rules.
What did Paul Ekman discover about universal facial expressions?
There are agreed-upon emotional facial expressions, such as happiness, sadness, fear, and anger, recognized across cultures.
What are the physiological responses to stress and anxiety as regulated by the autonomic nervous system?
Variations in arousal responses such as increased heart rate and respiration (sympathetic) or calming effects (parasympathetic).
What is the significance of hard-to-control facial muscles in emotional expression?
Facial muscles that are hard to control, like those around the eyes, reveal genuine emotions.
How does emotional expression develop throughout life?
Expressions and recognition of emotions develop early in life and continue through adolescence.
Why are introverts often better at detecting emotions?
Introverts are more attuned to subtle emotional cues and body language.
What influence does life experience have on emotional expression?
It sensitizes and conditions us to recognize and demonstrate particular emotions.
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